Term
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| COPD is caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues. Four major pulmonary disorders cause COPD: chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| is a decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung. |
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Term
| Restrictive lung disease examples |
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Definition
| Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, lung tumors, thoracic deformities (scoliosis), and disorders affecting the thoracic muscular wall (e.g., myasthenia gravis) |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and asthma. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an inflammatory disorder of the airway walls associated with a varying amount of airway obstruction. This disorder is triggered by stimuli such as stress, allergens, and pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchospasm (constricted bronchioles), wheezing, mucus secretions, and dyspnea. |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive lung disease caused by smoking or chronic lung infections. Bronchial inflammation and excessive mucous secretion result in airway obstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles secondary to frequent infection and inflammation. The bronchioles become obstructed by the breakdown of the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa. Tissue fibrosis may result |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of the alpha1-antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli (air sacs) |
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Term
| most common risk factor for COPD |
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Definition
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Term
| Medications frequently prescribed for COPD |
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Definition
| Bronchodilators, Glucocorticoids, Leukotriene modifiers, Expectorants, Antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchoconstriction, results when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors that stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a COPD characterized by periods of bronchospasm resulting in wheezing and difficulty breathing. |
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Term
| Factors that can trigger an asthmatic attack (bronchospasm) |
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Definition
| humidity; air pressure changes; temperature changes; smoke; fumes (exhaust, perfume); stress; emotional upset; exercise; and allergies to animal dander, dust mites, food, and drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, beta-adrenergic blockers). |
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Term
| Reactive airway disease (RAD) |
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Definition
| a cause of asthma resulting from sensitivity stimulation from allergens, dust, temperature changes, and cigarette smoking. |
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Term
| Exposure to an allergen results in |
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Definition
| bronchial hyperresponsiveness, epithelial shedding of the bronchial wall, mucous gland hyperplasia and hypersecretion, leakage of plasma leading to swelling, and bronchoconstriction. |
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Term
| , bronchoconstriction results from: |
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Definition
| When histamine, ECF-A, and leukotrienes inhibit the action of cAMP |
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Term
| Epinephrine is administered in |
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Definition
| emergency situations to restore circulation and increase airway patency |
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Term
| Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) is |
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Definition
| a selective beta2 drug that is effective for treatment and control of asthma by causing bronchodilation with long duration of action. |
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Term
| beta2-adrenergic agonists are frequently administered |
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Definition
| for long term asthma treatment |
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Term
| Metaproterenol reverses bronchospasm by |
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Definition
| by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. The drug acts on the beta2 receptor, promoting bronchodilation, and increases cAMP. |
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Term
| isoproterenol is concidered to be: |
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Definition
| a nonselective beta agonist because it stimulates both beta1 and beta2 receptors. |
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Term
| Metaproterenol Contraindications |
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Definition
Hypersensitivity, cardiac dysrhythmias
Caution: Narrow-angle glaucoma, cardiac disease, hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) or dry powdered inhaler (DPI), |
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Term
| ide effects and adverse reactions of epinephrine |
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Definition
| tremors, dizziness, hypertension, tachycardia, heart palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias, and angina |
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Term
| The side effects associated with beta2-adrenergic drugs (e.g., albuterol, terbutaline) |
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Definition
| include tremors, headaches, nervousness, increased pulse rate, and palpitations (high doses). The beta2 agonists may increase blood glucose levels, |
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Term
| methylxanthine (xanthine) derivatives |
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Definition
| which include aminophylline, theophylline, and caffeine. |
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Term
| Methylxanthine (Xanthine) Derivatives etiology |
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Definition
| stimulate the central nervous system (CNS) and respiration, dilate coronary and pulmonary vessels, and cause diuresis. Because of their effect on respiration and pulmonary vessels, xanthines are used in the treatment of asthma. |
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Term
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Definition
| elaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi, bronchioles, and pulmonary blood vessels by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase, resulting in an increase in cAMP, which promotes bronchodilation. |
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Term
| Theophylline's theraputic index |
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Definition
| low therapeutic index and a narrow therapeutic range (10 to 20 mcg/mL). |
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Term
| Theophylline adverse effects |
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Definition
| dysrhythmias, convulsions, cardiorespiratory collapse |
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Term
| Side effects and adverse reactions to theophylline include |
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Definition
| anorexia, nausea and vomiting, gastric pain caused by increased gastric acid secretion, intestinal bleeding, nervousness, dizziness, headache, irritability, cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, marked hypotension, hyperreflexia, and seizures. Adverse CNS reactions (e.g., headaches, irritability, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, seizures) |
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Term
| Theophylline toxicity is most likely to occur when |
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Definition
| serum concentrations exceed 20 mcg/mL |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical mediator that can cause inflammatory changes in the lung. The cysteinyl leukotrienes promote an increase in eosinophil migration, mucus productio |
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Term
| leukotriene modifier examples |
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Definition
| zafirlukast (Accolate), zileuton (Zyflo CR), and montelukast sodium (Singulair) |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids eitiology |
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Definition
| hese drugs have an antiinflammatory action and are indicated if asthma is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy or if the client has an asthma attack while on maximum doses of theophylline or an adrenergic drug. It is thought that glucocorticoids have a synergistic effect when given with a beta2 agonist. |
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Term
| it can take up to how long for inhaled steroids to have full effect? |
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Definition
| 1 to 4 weeks for an inhaled steroid to reach its full effect. |
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Term
| Side effects associated with orally inhaled glucocorticoid |
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Definition
| generally local (e.g., throat irritation, hoarseness, dry mouth, coughing) rather than systemic. Oral, laryngeal, and pharyngeal fungal infections have occurred but can be reversed with discontinuation and antifungal treatment. |
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Term
| oral and injectable glucocorticoids have many side effects--- long-term, |
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Definition
| headache, euphoria, confusion, sweating, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, and menstrual irregularities. Adverse effects may include depression, peptic ulcer, loss of bone density and development of osteoporosis, and psychosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| act like detergents to liquefy and loosen thick mucous secretions so they can be expectorated. |
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Term
1. A client is diagnosed with a pulmonary disorder that causes COPD. Lung tissue changes are normally reversible with this condition. The nurse understands that which is the client's most likely diagnosis?
a. Asthma
b. Emphysema
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
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Term
A client with COPD has an acute bronchospasm. The nurse knows that which is the best medication for this emergency situation?
a. zafirlukast (Accolate)
b. epinephrine (Adrenalin)
c. dexamethasone (Decadron)
d. oxtriphylline-theophyllinate (Choledyl) |
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Definition
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Term
A client is taking aminophylline–theophylline ethylenediamine (Somophyllin). For what should the nurse monitor the client?
a. Drowsiness
b. Hypoglycemia
c. Increased heart rate
d. Decreased white blood cell count |
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Definition
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Term
A client is prescribed theophylline to relax the smooth muscles of the bronchi. The nurse monitors the client's theophylline serum levels to maintain which therapeutic range?
a. 1 to 10 mcg/mL
b. 10 to 20 mcg/mL
c. 20 to 30 mcg/mL
d. 30 to 40 mcg/mL |
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Definition
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Term
A client with COPD is taking a leukotriene antagonist, montelukast (Singulair). The nurse is aware that this medication is given for which purpose?
a. Maintenance treatment of asthma
b. Treatment of an acute asthma attack
c. Reversing bronchospasm associated with COPD
d. Treatment of inflammation in chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
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