Term
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Definition
| motion sickness, viral and bacterial infection, food intolerance, surgery, pregnancy, pain, shock, effects of selected drugs (e.g., antineoplastics), radiation, and disturbances of the middle ear that affect equilibrium. Nausea, a queasy sensation, may or may not precede the expulsion |
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Term
| Two major cerebral centers involved in vomiting |
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Definition
| he chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), which lies near the medulla, and the vomiting center in the medulla |
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Term
| The CTZ receives most of the impulses from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| vomiting center recieves transmissions from.. |
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Definition
| the vestibular center in the ear |
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Term
| The neurotransmitter _______ stimulates the CTZ, which in turn stimulates the vomiting center |
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Definition
|
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Term
| sensory impulses, such as odor, smell, taste, and gastric mucosal irritation, are transmitted directly to the |
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Definition
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Term
| The neurotransmitter __________ is also a vomiting stimulant |
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Definition
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Term
| When the vomiting center is stimulated, the motor neuron responds by causing |
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Definition
| contraction of the diaphragm, the anterior abdominal muscles, and the stomach. |
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Term
| The two major groups of antiemetics are |
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Definition
| nonprescription (antihistamines, bismuth subsalicylate, and phosphorated carbohydrate solution) and prescription (antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists, glucocorticoids, cannabinoids, and miscellaneous antiemetics). |
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Term
| non prescription antiemetics examples |
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Definition
| antihistamines, bismuth subsalicylate, and phosphorated carbohydrate solution) |
|
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Term
| prescription antiemetic examples |
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Definition
| antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists, glucocorticoids, cannabinoids, and miscellaneous antiemetics |
|
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Term
| nonpharmacologic methods of decreasing nausea and vomiting include |
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Definition
| administration of weak tea, flattened carbonated beverage, gelatin, Gatorade, and Pedialyte (for use in children). Crackers and dry toast may be helpful. When dehydration becomes severe, intravenous (IV) fluids are needed to restore body fluid balance. |
|
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Term
| antiemetic brand examples |
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Definition
| dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), cyclizine hydrochloride (Marezine), meclizine hydrochloride (Antivert), and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) |
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Term
| The side effects of antihistamine antiemetics are |
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Definition
| drowsiness, dryness of the mouth, and constipation |
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Term
| antiemetics are no longer reccommened for the treatment of nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy because |
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Definition
| because they may cause harm to the fetus |
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Term
| Antihistamines and Anticholinergics side effects |
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Definition
| Side effects include drowsiness, which can be a major problem, dry mouth, blurred vision caused by pupillary dilation, tachycardia (with anticholinergic use), and constipation. These drugs should not be used by clients with glaucoma. |
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Term
| Dopamine Antagonist etiology |
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Definition
| suppress emesis by blocking dopamine2 receptors in the CTZ. |
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Term
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Definition
| phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and metoclopramide. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), which are caused by blocking dopamine receptors, and hypotension. |
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Term
| Phenothiazine Antiemetics uses |
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Definition
| used to treat nausea and vomiting resulting from surgery, anesthetics, chemotherapy, and radiation sickness. |
|
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Term
| Promethazine Pharmacodynamics |
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Definition
| blocks the H1-receptor sites on effector cells and impedes histamine-mediated responses. |
|
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Term
| Phenothiazines side effects |
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Definition
| moderate sedation, hypotension, EPS, CNS effects (restlessness, weakness, dystonic reactions, agitation), and mild anticholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, urinary retention, and constipation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| block the dopamine2 receptors in the CTZ. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| suppresses emesis by blocking the dopamine receptors in the CTZ. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Serotonin antagonists etiology |
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Definition
| suppress nausea and vomiting by blocking the serotonin receptors (5-HT3) in the CTZ and the afferent vagal nerve terminals in the upper GI tract. |
|
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Term
| most effective antiemetic group for cancer patients? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Serotonin antagonists side effects |
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Definition
| headache, diarrhea, dizziness, and fatigue. |
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Term
| Cannabinoids, the active ingredients in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| These agents may be prescribed for clients receiving chemotherapy who do not respond to or are unable to take other antiemetics. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| used as an appetite stimulant for clients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mood changes, euphoria, drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, depersonalization, nightmares, confusion, incoordination, memory lapse, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension or hypertension, and tachycardia. Less common symptoms are depression, anxiety, and manic psychosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to induce vomiting. |
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Term
| Vomiting should not be induced if caustic substances, such as ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ have been ingested |
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Definition
| ammonia, chlorine bleach, lye, toilet cleaners, or battery acid, gasoline, kerosene, paint thinners, and lighter fluid |
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Term
| Activated charcoal is given when |
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Definition
| emesis is contraindicated. |
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Term
| When the client purchases ipecac, instruct the client to get _______ and not _______-, which is more potent and may cause fatalities. |
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Definition
| ipecac syrup , ipecac fluid extract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes include (1) foods (spicy, spoiled), (2) fecal impaction, (3) bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella) or viruses (parvovirus, rotavirus), (4) toxins, (5) drug reaction, (6) laxative abuse, (7) malabsorption syndrome caused by lack of digestive enzymes, (8) stress and anxiety, (9) bowel tumor, and (10) inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| minor or severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. |
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Term
| Clients with diarrhea should avoid |
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Definition
| milk products and foods rich in fat |
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Term
| acute diarrhea and Montezuma's revenge, is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Traveler's diarrhea is caused |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| for treating diarrhea and decreasing hypermotility (increased peristalsis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) opiates and opiate-related agents, (2) somatostatin analogue, (3) adsorbents, and (4) miscellaneous antidiarrheals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opiates decrease intestinal motility, thereby decreasing peristalsis. Constipation is a common side effect of opium preparations. |
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Term
| Somatostatin Analogue etiology |
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Definition
| inhibit gastric acid, pepsinogen, gastrin, cholecystokinin, and serotonin secretions and intestinal fluid. In addition, it decreases smooth-muscle contractility. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oating the wall of the GI tract and adsorbing bacteria or toxins that cause diarrhea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (accumulation of hard fecal material in the large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) fecal impaction, (2) bowel obstruction, (3) chronic laxative use, (4) neurologic disorders (paraplegia), (5) ignoring the urge to defecate, (6) lack of exercise, and (7) selected drugs, such as anticholinergics, narcotics, and certain antacids. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| result in a soft to watery stool with some cramping, |
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Term
| Laxatives and cathartics use is determined by |
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Definition
| frequently dosage determines whether a drug acts as a laxative or cathartic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| “harsh” cathartics that cause a watery stool with abdominal cramping. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) osmotics (saline), (2) stimulants (contact or irritants), (3) bulk-forming, and (4) emollients (stool softeners). |
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Term
|
Definition
| salts or saline products, lactulose, and glycerin. |
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Term
| Clients who have renal insufficiency should _____ magnesium salts |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The side effects of excess lactulose use include |
|
Definition
| flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. |
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Term
| Stimulant (contact or irritant) laxatives etiology |
|
Definition
| increase peristalsis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa. |
|
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Term
| contact laxative side effects |
|
Definition
| nausea, abdominal cramps, weakness, and reddish brown urine |
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Term
| Castor oil should not be used in |
|
Definition
| early pregnancy, because it stimulates uterine contraction. Spontaneous abortion may result. |
|
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Term
| Bulk-forming laxatives are |
|
Definition
| natural fibrous substances that promote large, soft stools by absorbing water into the intestine, increasing fecal bulk and peristalsis. |
|
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Term
| Selective chloride channel activators |
|
Definition
| activates chloride channels in the lining of the small intestine, leading to an increase in intestinal fluid secretion and motility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lubricants and stool softeners (surface-acting or wetting drugs) used to prevent constipation |
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Term
|
Definition
| lowering surface tension and promoting water accumulation in the intestine and stool. |
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Term
1. A client complains of constipation and requires a laxative. In providing teaching to the client, the nurse reviews the common causes of constipation, including which cause?
a. Motion sickness
b. Lack of exercise
c. Food intolerance
d. Bacteria (Escherichia coli) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
A client has nausea and is taking ondansetron (Zofran). The nurse explains that the action of this drug is what?
a. Stimulate the CTZ
b. Block serotonin receptors in the CTZ
c. Block dopamine receptors in the CTZ
d. Coat the wall of the GI tract and absorb bacteria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
3. A client who has constipation is prescribed a bisacodyl suppository. The nurse explains that bisacodyl does what?
a. Acts on smooth intestinal muscle to gently increase peristalsis
b. Absorbs water into the intestines to increase bulk and peristalsis
c. Lowers surface tension and increases water accumulation in the intestines
d. Pulls hyperosmolar salts into the colon and increases water in the feces to increase bulk |
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Definition
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|
Term
A client is using the scopolamine patch to prevent motion sickness. The nurse teaches the client that which is a common side effect of this drug?
a. Diarrhea
b. Vomiting
c. Insomnia
d. Dry mouth |
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Definition
|
|
Term
When metoclopramide (Reglan) is given for nausea, the client is cautioned to avoid which substance?
a. Milk
b. MAOIs
c. Alcohol
d. Carbonated beverages |
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Definition
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Term
The nurse is administering opium tincture (paregoric) to a client. Which should be included in the client teaching regarding this medication? (Select all that apply.)
a. Warn the client to avoid laxative abuse.
b. Record the frequency of bowel movements.
c. Warn the client against taking sedatives concurrently.
d. Encourage the client to increase fluids.
e. Instruct the client to avoid this drug if he or she has narrow-angle glaucoma.
f. Teach the client that the drug acts by drawing water into the intestine. |
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Definition
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