Term
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Definition
| Drug class that targets foreign organisms by the process of selective toxicity (affect proteins or enzymes characteristic of foreign organisms but not used by human cells) Chem designed to target foreign organism |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of anti-infectives? (5) |
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Definition
| 1- interference with biosynthesis of the cell wall (penicillins) 2- block use of substances necessary for cell growth & development (sulfonamides) 3- interference w/protein synthesis so hinders cell division (aminoglycosides) 4- interfere DNA synthesis so unable to divide (fluoroquinolones) 5- alter cell permeability (antifungals, antiprotozoans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Which organisms anti-infectives are effective against; Narrow: TB would need specific antibody (only effects few org.) Broad: common infection (effects many org.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| suppresses growth & cell reproduction (not as common) |
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Term
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Definition
| giving antibiotic to prevent infection (might be used before surgery) |
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Term
| What is the goal of anti-infectives? |
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Definition
| reduce organisms to point that human immune response can counter and remove invading organisms; must keep immune system intact |
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Term
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Definition
| if the mechanism of action of the drug is aimed at a process that the foreign organism does not use; bacteria resistance to antifungal |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms develop over time resistance to drugs that used to be effective |
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Term
| What mechanisms can build resistance to an anti-infective in an organism? (4) |
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Definition
| 1- bacteria can produce enzyme that deactivate the drug (production of penicillinase by bacteria against penicillin) 2- altered cellular permeability 3- altered binding sites on membranes or ribosomes 4- produce a chemical that antagonizes drug action |
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Term
| What is one theory on how resistance is built against anti-infectives? |
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Definition
| the most sensitive cells are removed by the drug, leaving those foreign invaders that are more resistant. over time these become the dominant group, may also include genetic mutation of the organism |
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Term
| What are 3 methods of prevention of resistance? |
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Definition
| 1- maintain drug dosage within therapeutic range with dosing intervals that maintains steady state concentration (takes about 3-5 half lives of drug to reach) 2- drug taken long enough to completely eliminate organism 3- drugs not indiscriminately prescribed |
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Term
| List 3 steps to effectively treating systemic infection. |
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Definition
| 1- Identify pathogen culture 2-determine sensitivity of culture 3- may use combination therapy; might need 2-3 antibiotics |
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Term
| What are adverse reactions to anti-infectives? |
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Definition
| kidney damage, gastrointestinal toxicity, neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity, superinfections |
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Term
| Describe kidney damage due to anti-infectives |
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Definition
| Kidney damage (mostly w/drugs that metabolize and eliminate by kidney-aminoglycosides) <-- effect increased when dehydrated |
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Term
| Describe gastrointestinal toxicity due to anti-infectives |
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Definition
| due direct effects of drug on GI lining or could trigger chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla, may be liver toxic; N/V/D- bloody diarrhea |
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Term
| Describe neurotoxicity due to anti-infectives |
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Definition
| due to accumulation of high concentration of the drug such as in the 8 cranial nerves, optic nerve or other brain areas resulting in dizziness, lethargy, hallucinations; audio nerve |
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Term
| Describe hypersensitivity due to anti-infectives. |
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Definition
| mostly bound to protein and circulated through cardiovascular system. antibody formation induced in certain individuals with 2nd exposure resulting in symptoms |
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Term
| Describe superinfections due to anti-infectives |
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Definition
| overgrowth of flora (in vagina, mouth- called thrush); fungal, if suppress normal working, it will retalitate |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that inhibit or kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall of bacteria retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol; found in infections of respiratory system and soft tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| include staph aureus and staph epidermidis found on wounds, surgical sites, catheters; strep pneumoniae- community acquired pneumonia, meningitis; Group A beta hemolytic strep- strep throat |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for TB; resistant to destruction b/c they have slow growth rate, cell wall not susceptible to cell walll inhibitors, infections wall of tubercle, and bacteriostatic drugs are ineffective |
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Term
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Definition
| cell walls lose a stain or are decolorized; found in infections of GI and GU (4 examples: Enterics-e.coli, shigella,salmonella, klebsiell, cause uti; haemophilus influenza- pneumonia, neissera, pseudomonas- hospital acquired infections; aerobic bacteria- need O2 to survive: examples:Myobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus, Nocardia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell walls lose a stain or are decolorized; found in infections of GI and GU (4 examples: Enterics-e.coli, shigella,salmonella, klebsiell, cause uti; haemophilus influenza- pneumonia, neissera, pseudomonas- hospital acquired infections; aerobic bacteria- need O2 to survive: examples:Myobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus, Nocardia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow w/o O2; found in mouth, GI, skin normally, infection when penetrate into poorly oxygenated tissue like peritoneum or diabetic foot. (includes bactericides fragile, clostridium difficult, C. botulism, C. tetani) certain antibiotics work better- metronidazole, chloramphenicol, clindamycin |
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Term
| Name the prototype for Aminoglycoside |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Cephalosporin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Fluoroquinolones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Lincosamides |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Penicillin |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for penicillinase resistant |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for sulfonamides |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Tetracycline |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for Antimycobacterial |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prototype for monobactam. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bactericidal cell wall inhibitors |
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Definition
| Pencillins (B lactam drugs) and cephalosporins (Beta-lactam drugs have a beta-lactam ring in center and include PCN, cephalosporins, carbapenems |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit needed enzymes, introduce defective building blocks, destroy sequencing of DNA. Ex: Quinolones, Metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
| block folate pathway and inhibit production of DNA, RNA, protein; Ex: Sulfonamides |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis Inhibitors |
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Definition
| target several steps such as copying mRNA code, target actual ribosomal synthesis of mRNA, can bind to normal human cell ribosomes in rapidly dividing gI, skin, and bone marrow, kidney and liver and cause toxicities. Ex: Aminoglycerides, macrolides, TCN |
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Term
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Definition
| important to monitor the hydration and nutritional status what are adversely affected by drug induced D/N/V, anorexia; superinfections can be problems; Ex: Flouoroquinolones are associated with damage to developing cartilage, not recommended for growing children |
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Term
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Definition
| more susceptible to adverse effects associated with antibiotics;dose may need to be lowered if renal or hepatic dysfunction is expected |
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