Term
| Describe cancer's 3 characteristics. |
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Definition
| (Neoplasia) 1-Anaplasia: loss of differentiation and organization (look structurally) 2- Autonomy: grow at own rate 3- Angiogenesis: able to stimulate blood vessel formation |
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Term
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Definition
| spread via blood supply or lymph system to distant sites and develop secondary tumors |
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Term
| Describe the process of the immune response to cancer cells |
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Definition
| Body identifies abnormal cells and destroys them using T lymphocytes, antibodies, interferons, tumor necrosis factor. At some point cancer overwhelms the immune system |
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Term
| Name and describe each of the 2 types of cancers |
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Definition
1) Solid tumors: carcinomas which develop from epithelial cells and sarcomas from mesenchymal cells
2) Hematological malignancy: leukemias and lymphomas |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of cancer? |
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Definition
| multiple etiologies, genetic, environmental, previous illnesses, stress, diet, lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol, drugs) |
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Term
| What are the goals of treating cancer? |
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Definition
| To kill cells that are abnormal with minimal effect on normal cells (remember fig. 14.3 where mass was treated until 1 cancer cell was left that the immune system could clear) |
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Term
| What kind of non-cancer cells can be affected by cancer treatment? |
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Definition
| Cells that multiply quickly such as: hair (hair loss), GI tract lining cells (stomatitis), reproductive cells, bone marrow |
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Term
| What phase of cell cycle do antimetabolites act on (in cancer)? |
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Definition
| In the S phase; they inhibit DNA synthesis |
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Term
| In what phase of the cell cycle do mitotic inhibitors prevent mitosis? (cancer) |
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Definition
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Term
| What processes do antineoplastics mostly interfere with? |
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Definition
| DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, or inhibition of microtubule formation in mitosis. |
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Term
| Describe the G0 phase of the cell |
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Definition
| resting phase, cell is dormant |
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Term
| Describe G1 phase of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| stimulate to emerge from rest. synthesis and collecting substances necessary for DNA formation. |
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Term
| Describe the S phase in the cell cycle |
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Definition
| synthesis of DNA with amount of cellular DNA doubled |
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Term
| Describe the G2 phase of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| cell prepares all substances need for manufacture of mitotic spindles |
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Term
| Describe the M phase of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| cell splits to form 2 identical daughter cells in processor mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a set percentage of cells is killed after each does of chemotherapy. the percentage killed is dependent upon the drug therapy. |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA,and uses of Alkylating agents |
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Definition
| Prototype: Chlorambucil (Leukeran) MOA: non-cell cycle specific (works throughout cell life) disrupts RNA, DNA & other cellular proteins; Kinetics: absorption varies, metabolized in liver, excreted in kidney |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA and uses of Antimetabolites |
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Definition
| Prototype: methotrexate MOA: S phase specific; replace metabolites that are necessary for growth and division of neoplastic cells; inhibition of DNA production (thymidylate synthetase, DNA polymerase, folic acid reductase) most effective in rapidly dividing cells (rescue meds used with this); Uses: leukemia, GI cancers, Basal cancers |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA and uses of Antineoplastic antibiotics. |
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Definition
| Prototype: Doxyrbicin (adriamycin) Use: Rescue medicine MOA: interfere with DNA synthesis by insuring themselves between base pairs in DNA chain leading to mutation and cell death (drugs are isolated from fungal species of streptomycin) vary by agent at exactly which phase of cell cycle affected (very cardio-toxic) |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA and use of Mitotic inhibitors |
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Definition
| Prototype: Vincristine (oncovin) MOA:M phase specific; kills by inhibiting DNA synthesis Use: treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, breast, lung testicular, ovarian cancer |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA and uses of Hormone and hormone modulators |
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Definition
| Prototype:Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) MOA: block or interfere with receptor sites for hormones that can cause hormone responsive tumors to grow; Use: osteoporosis, breast cancer |
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Term
| Name the prototype, MOA, and use of Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors. |
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Definition
| Prototype: Imatinib (Gleevec) MOA: inhibits tyrosine kinase created by aberrant chromosome in CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) thus stopping replication and causing cell death; Use: chronic myeloid leukemia, GI malignant tumors (these cost 30-35K for1 year of treatment) |
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Term
| List the ranges of toxicities for chemotherapies |
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Definition
| Stomatitis, photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhagic Cystitis, neurotoxicity pulmonary toxicity, cardiomyopathy, ulcers, renal toxicity, BMD, severe emesis, sever emesis (vomiting and nausea) |
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Term
| What are the interactions that might occur with alternative therapies and chemotherapies? |
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Definition
| Echinacea (increases the risk of hepatotoxicity) Gingko (inhibits blood clotting) Saw palmetto (may increase effects of estrogen hormones) St. John's wort (increase photosensitivity- conceder effect in radiation and drugs that cause dermatologic reactions) |
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Term
| Describe the viral replication cycle. |
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Definition
| A) Virus adheres to cell surface B) virus enters by pincoytosis C) Virus sheds coat D) replication of viral nucleic acids E) Synthesis of viral protein of capsid F) assembly of new visions G) release |
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Term
| Name the prototype and MOA of Herpes/Cytomegalovirus. |
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Definition
| Prototype: acyclovir (Zovirax) MOA: inhibit viral DNA replication; produces immature abnormal viral so can't reproduce |
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Term
| Name the prototype and MOA of influenza |
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Definition
| prototype: rimantadine (flumadine) MOA: prevents shedding of outer viral coat so virus cannot enter cell to replicate; effect against Flu A not B |
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Term
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Definition
| (Highly active anti retroviral therapy) Drugs for HIV/AIDS act on different stages of virus life cycle; EX: Atripla- 3 meeds: 1 nonnucleo + 2 nonnucleocide, taken once a day, cost $1700/month, as resistance is acquired, more meds needed; Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) |
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Term
| What are some risks with HIV treatments? |
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Definition
| High risk of heart disease, stroke, cholesterol levels increase, pancreatitis, liver toxicity/failure, kidney toxicity, lipodistrophy (alteration of fat distribution); interactions with St. John's Wort (reduces effectiveness), antibiotics |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a fungus and how this impacts drug therapy. |
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Definition
| infection by fungus= mycosis; have rigid cell walls made of chitin and polysaccharides; cell membrane contains ergosterol (we don't' have this); antifungals work by altering cell permeability by affecting ergosterol; increased fungal infections in immunocomprised (HIV, cancer, transplantation) and eldery |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: Fluconazole (Diflucan) MOA: affect cell permeability of the fungus resulting in cell death and preventing replication; affect ergosterol in cell wall through binding and open pores or impair synthesis of ergosterol leading to change in cell permeability Use: vaginal infections, adverse effects: liver & renal dysfunction, headache, change in appetite' N/V, flu-like symptoms; Drug interactions: toxicity due to inhibition of CYP450 enzyme system (Digoxin, oral hypoglycemics, warfarin, oral anticoagulants, phenytoin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: clotrimazole (Lotrimin) Use: treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections (dermatophytes); MOA: impairs synthesis of ergosterol; Adverse: burning swelling, rash |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: clotrimazole (Lotrimin) Use: treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections (dermatophytes); MOA: impairs synthesis of ergosterol; Adverse: burning swelling, rash |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: clotrimazole (Lotrimin) Use: treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections (dermatophytes); MOA: impairs synthesis of ergosterol; Adverse: burning swelling, rash |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: clotrimazole (Lotrimin) Use: treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections (dermatophytes); MOA: impairs synthesis of ergosterol; Adverse: burning swelling, rash |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: Fluconazole (Diflucan) MOA: affect cell permeability of the fungus resulting in cell death and preventing replication; affect ergosterol in cell wall through binding and open pores or impair synthesis of ergosterol leading to change in cell permeability Use: vaginal infections, adverse effects: liver & renal dysfunction, headache, change in appetite' N/V, flu-like symptoms; Drug interactions: toxicity due to inhibition of CYP450 enzyme system (Digoxin, oral hypoglycemics, warfarin, oral anticoagulants, phenytoin) |
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Term
| Identify 3 diseases caused by protozoas. |
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Definition
| Malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, pneumocystis carinii |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: chloroquine (aralen); MOA: into RBC & prevents replication of malaria protozoa; adverse effects: hepatotoxicity, permanent eye damage, blindness- common: nausea, upset, stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: metronidazole; Use: treat both giardiasis (most common intestinal parasite in US transmitted through contaminated food or water in form of cysts; also used in treatment of STD, trichomoniasis (spread from asymptomatic males to female partners, also used for GI infections (helicopylacto pylori); MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis of protozoa; Adverse effects: cause alcohol intolerance, headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy (no alcohol during treatment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype: mebandazole (vermox); only few doses MOA: metabolic pathways present only in worms; Adverse effects: abdominal discomfort, diarrhea |
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