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Definition
| Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1=2 (compare with synergystic effects). |
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Definition
| Any undesirable occurance related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication. |
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Definition
| Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose). |
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Definition
| A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs. |
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Definition
| A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body. |
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Definition
| An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event. |
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Definition
| A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. |
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Definition
| Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the idividual effects of the same drugs given alone (1+1=less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another. |
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Definition
| A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). |
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Definition
| One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism. |
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Definition
| The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen. |
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Definition
| The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug. |
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Definition
| Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. |
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Definition
| The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation. |
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Definition
| Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. |
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Definition
| The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. they can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects). |
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Term
Drug-induced teratogenesis |
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Definition
| The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism. |
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Definition
| The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonpropriety name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark. |
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Term
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Definition
| In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life). |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a joint (e.g., intraarticular infection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a sheath (e.g., the thca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The prescribing, dispensing and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the paren drug is inactive. Inactive metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (e.g., via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract). |
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Definition
| The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic respsonse after dosing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacoligically active metabolites. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therepeutic response in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrationsthat result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes (also called pharmacogenomics). |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. it includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The broadest term for the study or science of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an acive metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g., drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction. |
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Definition
| The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1 is greater than 2. |
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Term
Therapeutic drug monitoring |
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Definition
| The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desired or intended effect of a particular medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurous to health or dangerous to life). |
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Term
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Definition
The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the propriety name. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally is 17 years. This is the length of time from patent approval until patent expiration. Because the research processes for new drug development normally require about 10 years, a drug manufacturer generally has the remaining 7 years for sales profits before patent expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for one drug to be therapeutically substituted for another due to its ability to have the same therapeutic effect in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time it takes for substances in the stomach to be dissolved for eventual transport to and absorption from the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specially formulated long acting intramuscular dosage forms that are designed for slow absorption and may be absorbed over a period of several days to a few months or longer. |
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Term
what are areas of rapid distribution |
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Definition
| The heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. Areas of slow distribution include muscle, skin and fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug therapy provided to prevent illness or other undesirable outcomes during planned events. |
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Term
Four phases of pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
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Term
Adverse drug withdrawal effect |
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Definition
| An adverse outcome associated with discontinuation of drug therapy, such as hypertension caused by abruptly discontinuing blood pressure medication or return of infection caused by stopping antibiotic therapy too soon. |
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Term
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Definition
- Result in structural defects in the fetus.
- Compounds that produce such effects are called teratogens.
- The period which the fetus is most vulnerable to teratogenic effects begins with the third week of development and usually ends after the third month.
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure, the number of chromosomes, or the genetic code of the deoxyribonucleic (DNA) molecule. Drugs capable of inducing mutations are called mutagens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses. Agents that produce such effects are called carcinogens. |
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Term
The four main sources for drugs |
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Definition
- Plants
- Animals
- Minerals
- Laborator synthesis
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