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pharmacology ch 9
brady parmedic care
92
Health Care
Professional
11/26/2006

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Term
active transport
Definition
requires the use of energey to move a substance
Term
adjunct medication
Definition
agent that enhances the effects of other drugs
Term
adrenergic
Definition
pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
Term
affinity
Definition
force of attrraction between a drug and a receptor
Term
agonist
Definition
drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
Term
agonist-antagonist(partial agonist)
Definition
drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
Term
analgesia
Definition
the absence of the sensation of pain
Term
analgesic
Definition
medication that relieves the sensation of pain
Term
anesthesia
Definition
the absence of all sensations
Term
anesthetic
Definition
medication that indices a loss of sensation to touch or pain
Term
antagonist
Definition
drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
Term
drug
Definition
chemical used to diagnose,treat,or prevent disease
Term
pharmacololgy
Definition
the study of drugs and their interactions with the body
Term
drug names
Definition
.chemical name
.generic name
.offical name
.brand name
Term
sources of drug information
Definition
>united states pharmacopeia(usp)
>physician's desk reference
>drug infromation
>monthly prescribing reference
>ama drug evaluation
Term
drug laws and regulations
Definition
.federal law
.state laws and regulations
.individual agency regulations
Term
assay
Definition
test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory
Term
bioequivalence
Definition
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemical equivalent drugs
Term
bioassay
Definition
test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model
Term
six rights of medication administration
Definition
right:medication,dose,time,route,patient,documentation
Term
teratogenic drug
Definition
medication that may deform or kill a fetus
Term
free drug availability
Definition
proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
Term
pharmacokinetics
Definition
how a drug is absorbed,distributed,metabolized(biotransformed),and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body
Term
pharmacodynamics
Definition
how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
Term
carrier-mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion

two types of active transport
Definition
process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane (disguise themselves to enter cell)
Term
passive transport

three types
Definition
movement of a substance without the use of energy
Term
diffusion
Definition
movement of a solute in a solution from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of a solvent in a solution from a area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
Term
sodium-potassium(Na+-K+) pump
Definition
common example of an active tranport mechanism. this is a protein pump that actively moves potassium ions into a cell and sodium ions out of the cell, this movement goes against the ion's concentration gradients,must use energy
Term
filtration
Definition
movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
Term
pharmacokinetic processes
Definition
.absorption
.distribution
.biotransformation
.elimination
Term
ionize
Definition
to become electrically charged or polar
Term
bioavailability
Definition
amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
Term
bld-brain barrier
Definition
tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein bound ,highly lipid soluble drugs can pass
Term
placental barrier
Definition
biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
Term
metabolism
Definition
the body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
Term
biotransformation
Definition
special name given to the metabolism of drugs
Term
prodrug(parent drug)
Definition
medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
Term
first-pass effect
Definition
the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
Term
oxidation
Definition
the loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom.this increases the positve charge(or lessens the negative charge)on the molecule
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
the breakage od a chemical bond by adding water,or by incorprating a hydrol(OH-)group into one frament and a hydrogen ion(H+)into the other
Term
drug routes
Definition
.enteral
.parenteral
Term
enteral route
Definition
delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
Term
parenteral
Definition
delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues
Term
enteral routes

five types
Definition
oral(po)
orogastric/nasogastric(og/ng)
sublingual(sl)
buccal
rectal(pr)
Term
parenteral routes

12 types
Definition
intravenous(iv)/ inhalation/nebulized
endotracheal(et)/ topical
intraosseous(io)/ transdermal
umbilical / nasal
intramuscular(im)/ instillation
subcutaneous(sc,sq,subq)/ intradermal
Term
types of drug actions
Definition
.binding to a receptor site
.changing the physical properties of a cell
.chemically combining with other chemicals
.altering a normal metabilic pathway
Term
receptor
Definition
specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
Term
efficacy
Definition
a drug's ability to cause the expected response
Term
second messenger
Definition
chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect
Term
competitive antagonism
Definition
one drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
Term
noncompetitive antagonism
Definition
the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binging site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
Term
irreversible antagonism
Definition
a competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site
Term
side effect
Definition
unintended response to a drug
Term
drug-response relationship
Definition
correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
Term
onset of action
Definition
the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
Term
minimum effective concentration
Definition
minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect
Term
duration of action
Definition
length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
Term
termination of action
Definition
time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
Term
therapeutic index
Definition
ratio of a drug's lethal dose fro 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population
Term
biologic half-life
Definition
time the body takes to clear one half of a drug
Term
factors affecting drug-response relationship
Definition
.age .genetics
.body mass .psychology
.sex
.enviroment
.time of admission
.pathology
Term
prototype
Definition
drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics
Term
neuroleptanesthesia
Definition
anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious
Term
sedation
Definition
state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions
Term
hypnosis
Definition
instigation of sleep
Term
extrapyramidal symptoms(eps)
Definition
common side effects of antipsychotic medications,including muscle tremors and parkinsonism-like effects
Term
neuroleptic
Definition
antipsychotic(literally, affecting the nerves)
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
Term
auto ganglia
Definition
groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
Term
preganglionic nerves
Definition
nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
Term
post ganglionic nerves
Definition
nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
Term
synapse
Definition
space between nerve cells
Term
neuroeffector junction
Definition
specialed synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or the tissueit innervates
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
Term
neuron
Definition
nerve cell
Term
cholinergic
Definition
pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Term
adrenergic
Definition
pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
Term
parasympathomimetic
Definition
drug or ither substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system
(also called cholinergic)
Term
parasympatholytic
Definition
drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetis nervous system
(also called anticholinergic
Term
sludge effects of cholinergic medications
Definition
.salivation
.lacrimation.urination.
.defecation
.gastric motility
.emesis
Term
types of parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors
Definition
.muscarinic
.nicotinic
nicotinicn(neuron)
nicotinicm(muscle)
Term
effects of atropine overdose
Definition
.hot as hell
.blind as a bat
.dry as a bone
.red as a beet
.mad as a hatter
Term
types of sympathetic receptors
Definition
.adrenergic
-alpha1(a1)
-alpha2(a2)
-beta1(b1)
-beta2(b2)
.dopaminergic
Term
sympathomimetic
Definition
drug or other substance that causes effect like those of a sympathetic nervous system(also called adrenergic)
Term
sympatholytic
Definition
drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system(also called antiadrenergic)
Term
common catecholamines
Definition
.natural
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
.synthetic
isoproterenol/dobutamine
Term
high abuse potential;may lead to severe dependance;no accepted medical indications;used for research,analysis, or instruction only
examples: herion,lsd,mescaline
Definition
schedule 1
Term
high abuse potential;may lead to sever dependance;accepted medical indications

examples:opium,cocaine,morphine,codeine,oxycodone,methone,secobarbital
Definition
schedule 2
Term
less abuse potential than a schedule 1 or 2;may lead to moderate or low physical dependance or high psychological dependance;accepted medical indications
examples limited opiod amounts or combined with non controlled substances
Definition
schedule 3
Term
low abuse potential compared to scheduled 3;linited psychological and /or physical dependance;accepted medical indications
examples:diazepam,lorazepam,phenobarbital
Definition
schedule 4
Term
lower abuse potential compared to scheduled4;may lead to limited physical or psychological dependance;accepted medical indications
example:limited amounts of opiods,often for cough or diarrhea
Definition
schedule 5
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