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Pharmacology Antiseizure
Exam 2
26
Nursing
Not Applicable
03/21/2011

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Term
Tonic
Definition
sustained contraction

(abnormal posture, opisthotonos, absense of respirations, becomes cyanotic)
Term
Clonic
Definition
intermittent

(rapid rhythmic & symmetric jerking)
Term
SEIZURE
Definition
Breif episode of abnormal electrical activity in nerve cells of the brain with or without visble changes in behavior.
Term
CONVULSION
Definition
Toni-clonic type of seizure in which there are spasmodic contractions of involuntary muscles.
Term
Other names for antiseizure drugs
Definition
antiepileptic or anticonvulsant
Term
SEIZURES AS SINGLE EVENTS
Definition
Occur in repsonse to:
Hypoglycemia, Fever, Electrolyte imbalances, Overdoses to drugs(Amphetamines, Cocaine, Isoniazid, Lidocaine, Lithium, Methylphenidate, Antipsychotic, Theophylline), Alcohol or drug withdrawal.
Term
EPILEPSY
Definition
Seizures that are recurrent or chronic due to abnormal excessive electrical discharges of nerve cells
Term
EPILEPSY DIAGNOSIS
Definition
Abnormal Brain Waves (Electroencephalogram) & Clinical signs/symptoms
Term
IDIOPATHIC
Definition
unknown cause
Term
SECONDARY CAUSE of seizure
Definition
Developmental defects, metabolic defects, or birth injury. Fever is common cause in late infancy & early childhood.
Term
PARTIAL SEIZURES
Definition
-begin in specific area of brain as a localized brain lesion (tumor, stroke, birth injury, or trauma)
-simple motor and sensory to abnormal movements/bizarre behavior
-automatic, repetitive, & inappropriate (chewing, swallowing, etc.)
-Misdiagnosed as psychotic or schitzo
-Consciousness not altered but can be decreased
Term
GENERALIZED SEIZURES
Definition
-Bilateral & symmetral
-no point of origin in brain
-TYPES: Tonic Phase, Clonic Phase, Aura, Febrile Seizure, Absence Seizure, Myoclonic, Akinetic, Mixed
Term
STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Definition
LIFE THREATENING!!!
-generalized tonic / clonic convulsions
-Last several minutes, close intervals in which consciousness is not regained
-with hypotension, hypoxemia, & cardiac dysrhythmias
-risk for permanent brain damage
CAUSES:
D/C AED's
Brain tumors
Brain trauma
CNS infections
Alcohol withdrawal
drug overdoses
Eclampsia
Term
Aura
Definition
breif warning of oncoming seizure. Can be a light, smell , or sound
Term
FEBRILE SEIZURE
Definition
most common in children. (tonic-clonic seizures that occur with fever)
Term
ABSENSE SEIZURE
Definition
brief abrupt alterations in consciousness. (blank look, staring expression, blinking twitching, etc.)
Term
MYOCLONIC
Definition
contraction of a muscle group
Term
AKINETIC
Definition
absence of movement
Term
MIXED
Definition
variety
Term
CHALLENGES TO AED'S (antiepileptic drugs)
Definition
-drugs not a cure
-monotherapy vs combo drug
-takes time to obtain right blend, trial and error
-social stigma
Term
OLDER AED's
Definition
phenytoin, carbamazepin, ethosuximide, phenobarital, valproate
Term
NEW AED's
Definition
gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, zonisamide
Term
AED MECHANISM
Definition
Goal: make cells less excitable

1. CHANNEL BLOCKERS (decrease ion movement into nerve cell by blocking Na & Ca needed to promote impulses therefore decreasing response to stimuli)
2. INCREASE GABA (inhibits stimulation)
3. DECREASE GLUTAMATE (excitatory neurotransmitter)

THEREBY EFFECTIVELY INCREASING THE SEIZURE THRESHOLD. (your gonna need a higher level of stimulus to create a seizure)
Term
INDICATIONS
Definition
Epilepsy Bipolar Chronic Neuropathic pain Trigeminal Neuralgia (is a nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face)
Term
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Definition
-must have ability to breakdown, look out for hepatic/renal impairment.
-look out for CNS depression
-Hypersensitivity - skin rash
-sinus bradycardia or heart block
-bone marrow supression
Term
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Definition
Used to treat epilepsy in pregnant women
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