Term
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Definition
| Drug movement into, within and out of the body, which includes absorption, distribution, and elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| drug actions and their mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| these drugs are inactive upon administration, but the metabolites become the active form. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the primary means by which drugs cross membranes? |
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Term
| Lipid-water partition coefficient (Kp) |
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Definition
| the ratio of the concentration of the drug in two immiscible phases: a nonpolar liquid (representing membrane) and an aqueous buffer (representing the plasma) |
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Term
| [drug] in lipid phase/ [drug] in aqueous phase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What are the functional groups of weak acids? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the functional group of a weak base? |
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Term
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Definition
| for weak acids, HA= _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| For Weak Bases: BH⁺=_________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the pH at which half of the molecules are in the ionized form and the other half are in the unionized form |
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Term
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Definition
| What form of a drug may be transferred across the membrane via passive diffusion? |
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Term
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Definition
| when pH < pKa what are the predominate forms of acids and bases? |
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Term
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Definition
| when the pH>pKa what are the predominate forms of acids and bases? |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of molecules through pores or porous structures as in the renal glomerulus and capillary endothelium cells |
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Term
| carrier-mediated transport |
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Definition
| The drug combines with a transport protein in the membrane and the complex can move across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of carrier-mediated transport has reversible binding, it is selective, requires ATP, it's a one-way process, it can be saturated and it can be inhibited |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of carrier-mediated transport is selective, can be saturated, does not require ATP, and is bi-directional with no drug accumulation on either side |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| The binding of some peptide hormones, growth factors, antibodies, and other substances to their receptors on the cell surface can trigger a process of endocytosis that brings both the receptor and the ligand into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the types of enteral administration routes? |
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Term
| intavenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC) |
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Definition
| what are the routes for parenteral drug administration? |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs administered orally are first exposed to the liver and may be extensively metabolized before reaching the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| this drug absorption site is best for potent drugs that are lipid soluble. Transfer occurs by passive diffusion, and the drugs can bypass the first-pass effect. |
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Term
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Definition
Drugs absorbed here will experience first pass effect.
- Transfer occurs via passive diffusion
-Weak acids are absorbed better here, and weak base dugs will become trapped. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of the large amount of surface area, this is the primary site of absorption for most drugs. Absorption occurs by passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, and filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| This site is not very important for drug absorption, it may occur if the drug is not absorbed effectively in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
-fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
-reduced by first pass effect, and altered by changes in GI motility. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you have a 100mg drug and only 70mg is transported to the circulatory system, what is bioavailability? |
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Term
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Definition
| When a drug does this, it can no longer go to its receptor at the site of action, cant be distributed to body tissues, cant be metabolized by enzymes, and cant be excreted from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Bound drugs are pharmacologically _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary serum protein responsible for drug binding. The strongest affinity for weak acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid-soluble drugs. The binding capacity is dependant on their lipid content. |
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Term
| alpha 1-acid glycoprotein |
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Definition
| this glycoprotein is produced by acute injury, trauma, or stress. It has a 5.5 day half time. This glycoprotein may interfere with basic drugs and cause side effects after the time of the half life. |
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Term
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Definition
| where are the primary sites for drug excretion? |
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Term
| unionized, lipid soluable |
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Definition
| In the kidney, what types of drugs will undergo passive reabsorption? |
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Term
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Definition
| administering a bicarbonate will increase renal excretion of a weak acid drug |
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Term
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Definition
| administering this will decrease the pH and increase the ionization of weak base drugs |
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Term
| lipid insoluble or ionized drugs |
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Definition
| What types of drugs undergo excretion from the liver? |
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Term
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Definition
| What happens to lipid soluble drugs in the liver? |
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Term
Non-synthetic reactions
Synthetic reactions |
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Definition
| What are the two types of reactions in drug metabolism? |
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Term
1. oxidation reaction
2. reduction
3. Hydrolysis |
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Definition
| Name the types of non-synthetic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug metabolism reaction is a direct insertion of a hydroxyl functional group into the drug molecule mostly by cytochrome P450. It occurs almost exclusively in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| this drug metabolism reaction is a conjugation with a cugar, and amino acid or sulfate- more water-soluable compounds and more excretion of the drug |
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