Term
| Study of drugs(chemicals) that alter function of living organisms is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug therapy is also called? |
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Definition
Pharmacotherapy
Use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms and disease processes. |
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Term
| Drugs given for therapeutic purposes are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Medications may be given for local effects. Give example of a drug that exhibits its effects locally and identify the action of the medication? |
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Definition
| sunscreen lotions, local anesthetis, act mainly at the site of application. |
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Term
| Act mainly at the site of application |
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Definition
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Term
| Medications may be given for systemic effects. Explain the mechanism for a systemic medication? |
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Definition
| Taken into the body, cirulated via the bloodstream to the site of action in various body tissues and eventually eliminated from the body. |
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Term
| Taken into the body, cirulated via the bloodstream to the site of action in various body tissues and eventually eliminated from the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do medications come from or derived from? |
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Definition
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Synthetic compounds |
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Term
| Identify the advantage of synthetic drug? |
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Definition
they are more standardized in their chemical characteristics,
more consistent effects,
less likely to produce allergic reations. |
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Term
| What are semisynthetic drugs? |
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Definition
| naturally occurring that have been modified. (many antibiotics) |
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Term
| Drugs are classified according to which of the following features? |
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Definition
according to effects on;
specific body systems
therapeutic uses
chemical characteristics |
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Term
| Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are called ___? |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphine is a prototype of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Penicillin is a prototype of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Involves the cost of drug therapy, which includes the cost of purchasing, dispensing, storage, adm, lab and other tests used to monitor client responses andlosses du to expiration is called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs. Often the first drug of a particular group to be developed.
Exp. Morphine is a prototype of Opioid analgesics
Penicillin is a prototype of antibacterial drugs. |
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Term
| How may drugs be perscribed and dispensed? |
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Definition
Generic name-(lowercase)
Trade/Brand name-(CAPS)
MAY BE PRESCRIBED AND DISPENSED BY EITHER NAME. |
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Term
| What is special about a prototype drug? |
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Definition
Often the first drug of a particular group to be developed.
Exp. Morphine is a prototype of Opioid analgesics
Penicillin is a prototype of antibacterial drugs. |
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Term
| Drugs must reach & interact with or cross the ____ ____to affect (stimulate or inhibit)cellular function? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are chemicals that alter basic processes in body cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| All cells common characteristics include the ability to? |
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Definition
Exchange material with their immediate environment.
Obtain energy from nutrients
Duplicate themselves
Communicate with one another via biologic chemicals such as neurotransmitters & hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves drug movement through the body or what the body does to the drug to reach site of action. |
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Term
| What are the processed involved in Pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion |
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Term
| An African American male dr. orders diuretic as part of treatment plan for hypertension. His friend dr. orders Ace inhibitor. What could the reason be? |
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Definition
| Diuretics are shown to be more effective then Ace inhibitor for African American males with hypertension. |
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Term
| Ms. Smith has 12 yr history of ETOH abuse. injured in car accident requires surgery w/ general anesthesia |
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Definition
| She may need a larger than normal dose of the general anesthesia because she has a tolerance to alcohol. |
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Term
| Changes in aging in the geriatric pt. that may affect excretion & promote accumulation of drugs in the body include? |
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Definition
| decreased glomerular filtration rate. |
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Term
Any undesired responses to medication administration.
All drugs can produce adverse effects
Can occur with usual therapeutic dosing(side effects)
More likely to occur or be more severe with high dosing.
Especially likely to occur with specific drugs and in older adults who take multiple drugs
EX: insulin, warfarin. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Serious or life threatening adverse effects.
Must be included on labels.
Strong warning from FDA that includes Prescribing, and monitoring info. |
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Term
Results from excessive amts of meds, may damage body tissues.
Common problem for adults & pediatrics are single large dose & prolonged ingestion of smaller dose.
Involves: alcohol, perscriptions, OTC & Illicit drugs. |
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Definition
| Drug toxicity, poisoning, overdosing |
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Term
| What are the main goal of treatment for drug overdose? |
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Definition
Starting treatment soon after ingestion.
Supporting & stabilizing vital function.
Preventing further damage by the following; Reducing absorption, Increasing elimination, Administering antidoes whenever possible |
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Term
Common drug for overdose
Digoxn |
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Definition
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Term
Common drug for overdose
Heparin |
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Definition
Antidote
Protamine Sulfate (IV) |
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Term
Common drug for overdose
Opioid analgesic |
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Definition
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Term
Common drug for overdose
Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
Antidote
Sodium Bicarbonate (IV) |
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Term
Common drug for overdose
Warfarin |
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Definition
Antidote
Vitamin K (p.o. or IV) |
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Term
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Definition
Right (MDCRTD)
medication, dose, client, route, time, documentation. |
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Term
| Which specific medication often associated with errors and adverse drug events(ADE)? |
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Definition
| insulin, heparin, warfarin. |
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Term
| Route of Drug administrations? |
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Definition
Oral-PO by mouth,
Parenteral (injected)
IM-intramuscular
IV-intravenous
SL-sublingual(back near scapula)
SubQ-subcutaneous (arm, back, front thigh) |
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Term
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Definition
cc-cubic centimeter
g-gram
mg-milligram
mcg-microgram
mL-milliter
oz-ounce
tbsp-tablespoon
tsp-teaspoon |
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Term
| Time of drug administration |
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Definition
ad lib-as desired
PRN-as needed
q4h-every 4 hours
stat-immediateely
qod-every other day |
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Term
These 4 steps are part of?
1.Identifiy the medication & compares w/dr. order.
2. Identify the pt.
3. Remove medication & give it to pt.
4. Record the drug on Medication Administration record. |
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Definition
| Sequencing for administering medication |
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Term
T/F?
In 1999 the Institute of Medicine recorded- 44,000-98,000 deaths occur each year in the U.S. due to medical errors |
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Definition
True
Errors include giving incorrect dose, giving wrong meds, giving unordered meds. and adverse drug effects. |
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Term
| Name the three types of medication systems? |
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Definition
unit-dose system
computerized, locked cabinets
additional security for controlled substances. |
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Term
| Medication orders must include? |
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Definition
Pt. full name
Name of meds(brand, generic)
Dose, route, frequency of administration
Date, time, signature of prescriber |
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Term
| What are the types of Medication Orders? |
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Definition
Typed into computer (preferred method)
Handwritten on an order sheet
Verbal & Telephone -signed by transcriber, and prescriber |
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Term
| What are the Medication Order Interpretations? |
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Definition
Route, dosage, time of adm, do not abbrevate due to misinterpretations.
Illegible, or erroneous orders must be clarified before administration. |
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Term
| Medications may be available in various forms. Systemic medications forms include: |
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Definition
Liquids-orally/injections
Tablets, capsules, sublinguals -PO
Suppositories,
transdermals-absorbed thru skin/patches
Injections |
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Term
Medication Delivery Systems:
Pump delivery systems |
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Definition
External or implanted
refillable or long acting w/o refills
Insulin, opioid analgesics, anticancer meds. |
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Term
Medication Delivery System:
Controlled release. |
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Definition
Enteric coated, (prevent stomach upset) Maintain more consistent serum drug levls. Allow less frequent administration. more convenient for clients.
Tables, capsules-contain high amt of drug. absorbed slowly over prolonged period of time, should never be broken, open, crushed, chewed. |
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Term
Medication Delivery system;
Topical solutions |
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Definition
| Creams, ointments, suppositories, frequently used for local treatment, applied to the skin or mucous membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
Must be prepared, packaged, and administered maintaining sterility.
Vials-single or multiple dose-closed containers w/rubber stoppers & sterile needle.
Ampules-sealed glass containers.
Prefilled syringes w/attached needles. |
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Term
Equipment for injections.
Which of the following is the smallest needle according to it's guage? |
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Definition
18, 22, 25, 20?
Sterile needles, various guages(lumen)
Larger number=smaller lumen.
Various lengths,for route of adm, thickness of solution, size of pt.
25 guage needle used for SubQ injection. |
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Term
| Injection sites for SubQ sites? |
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Definition
| Upper arms, abdomen, back, thighs |
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Term
| Injection sites for IM sites? |
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Definition
| deltoid, dorsogluteal, ventrogluteal, vastus lateralis muscles. |
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Term
| Injection site for IV sites? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Developed to prevent injury and the spread of bloodborne pathogens.
Syringes; made of plastic(disposable)
calibrated to measure doses accurately
Insulin, tuberculin syringes for small. |
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Term
| Less Common Injection sites |
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Definition
Nurses perform-intradermal(skin), intra arterial(arteries)
Dr.'s perform-Intra-articular(joints), Intrathecal(spinal fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Sequencing for movement of drugs in the body? |
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Definition
1. Cross the membranes of cells in the GI tract, liver, capillaries to reach the bloodsteam.
2. Circulate to their target cells.
3. Leave the bloodstream & attach to receptors on cells.
4. Perform their actios, then return to the bloodstream.
5. circulate to the liver, & reach drug metabolizing enzymes in liver cells.
6. Reenter the bloodstream, circulate to the kidneys & be excreated in urine. |
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Term
D X (dosage ordered, mg)
-- x -- (Unknown, # oftablet/cap,mL)
H V (volume or unit)
(available dose,drug on label, mg per tablet/capsules/mL) |
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Definition
| Calculating Medication Dosage. |
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Term
Observing & interviewing client.
What does the client know about current drugs. Is teaching needed.
Interviewing caregivers, & family.
Complete physical assessment.
Review medical records, lab test.
age, weight, vidals, health status, pathologic condition, capability related to ADL's.
Perscriptions, OTC medications used.
Alcohol, nicotne, caffeine, cocaine, marijuana.
This is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ ____ is a systematic way of gathering & using info to plan & provide individualized client care & to evaluate the outcome of care. |
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Definition
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Term
| This step involves evaluating the clients status in relation to stated goals & expected outcomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the medication history questions? |
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Definition
Medications ordered,
Clients knowledge of meds.
Allergic reactions
Can client swallow meds,
Communicate verbally,
Herbal/supplement used? |
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Term
| General Nondrug Interventions |
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Definition
Promoting health
Preventing/decreasing need for drug therapy.
Using nondrugs to enhance/decrease therapeutic effects.
Client teaching
Individualizing care.
observing client responses. |
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Term
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Definition
Promoting nutrition, fluids,rest, sleep, Hand hygiene,(infections)
AMBULATING, POSITIONING,EXERCISING.
Assistinto cough & deep breathe
Apply heat/cold |
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Term
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Definition
Experience relief of S&S.
use of meds to prevent/treat disease processes & manifestations.
benefits outweigh adverser effects, |
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Term
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Definition
Choosing medication & dosage range.
Minimizing number of meds & frequency.
Fixed dose vs individual meds. due to fewer adm times. |
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Term
| Drug Therapy Evaluation Criteria |
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Definition
Involves evaluating the clients status in relation to stated goals & expected outcomes.
Relieft of symptoms. |
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Term
| Herbal/Dietary Supplement concerns |
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Definition
safety unknown effects, non-standard ingredients. use stops pt from seeking medical care.
Interact w/perscription meds & adverse effects. |
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Term
Body surface area (in sq. meters)
1.73 sq. meters (m2) x adult dose = child's dose |
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Definition
Child's dose formula.
use oral route whenever possible. |
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Term
| Older adults should consider the following? |
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Definition
Physiologic function more important te age in med. dosing.
Perscripton or OTC meds taken only when necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
Monitor thru drug therapy.
May respond to meds differently.
Meds selection & dosing guided by baseline renal function. |
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Term
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Definition
May interfere w/drug metabolism & elimination.
Requires close monitoring of liver function.
Drug selection based on effects on hepatic function.
Dosage decreased if metabolized in liver. |
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Term
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Definition
Drug therapy is more complex & problematic due to multiple organ impairments.
Requires aggressive treatments w/large doses, highly potent meds.
Dosages titrated according to clients responses in organ function. |
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Term
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Definition
Teach clint/caregiver dru adm. & monitor drug effects.
Communication methods established.
Assess client attitude for meds, self care abilities, OTC use, herbal/supp., ability to obtain meds, keep appts, home safety.
Use return demo to assess abilities. |
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