Term
| 1 tablespoon =how many ml |
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Definition
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Term
| how many ml in a teaspoon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount drug to produce a effect |
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Term
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Definition
| is the the maximal intensity of the effecta response by a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity,combines with the receptor,produces an effect |
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Term
| non competitive antagonist |
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Definition
| binds to a differant receptor and reduces max response from agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity for the receptor,combines with the receptor,no effect produced |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinty for a different receptor site than the agonist,decrease the max effect of the agonist by producing an opposite effect via different receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| initial disruption of coating or shell |
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Term
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Definition
| contents must break apart |
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Term
|
Definition
| particles must spread apart |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs must be dissolved in gi fluid |
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Term
| metabolism-excretion-best route |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the body way of changing a drug so that it can be more easliy excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
| were does the most metabolism take place |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an inactive metabolite is formed from an active parent drug |
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Term
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Definition
| an inactive parent drug may be transformed to an active compound |
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Term
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Definition
| an active parent drug may be converted to an inactive product |
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Term
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Definition
| lower effect/lower duration of the drug,metabolism faster |
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Term
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Definition
| increase effect/increasing duration of the drug,slower metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for the drug to begin effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of a drug effect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| factors that alter drug effect |
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Definition
| tachyphylaxis(tolerance) pt compliance,psychologic factor,pathologic state,time of administration,route of administration,sex,genetic variation,drug interaction,age and weight,enverment |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension of the pharmacologic effect resulting from a drugs effect on the target organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a side effect is a dose-related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the drug must act as an antigen and stiminulate antibody production in a production in a previously sens pt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the target of this reaction are |
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Definition
| bronchiols,resulting in anaphylactic shock, respiratory system,skin,resulting in urticaria and dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| toxicologic eval of drugs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diarrhea,rash,trouble breathing,low bp,toxic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| if the value of the TI is small(narrow)? |
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Definition
| then toxicity is more likely |
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Term
| if the TI is larger(wider) |
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Definition
| then the drug will be safer |
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Term
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Definition
| is usually needed to produce a therapeutically useful drug |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic,parasympathetic |
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Term
| each division has afferent(sensory)fibers,central intergrated areas, and efferent motor |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| start at the CNS ends in the ganglin |
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Term
|
Definition
| start in ganglion at the effected organ or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| pregang,ACH,ACH,tissue or organ |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| pergang,ACH,NE,tissue or organ |
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Term
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Definition
| both acts in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| wants HB very fast(200 bpm)wants pupils very large,constipation |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow hr(30 beats per minute)very small pupils,diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| hr 60-100,normal,pupils,nurmal poop |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| acetylcholinesterase=break down ach -leads to less ACH in the synaps |
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Term
| anticholineric side effects |
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Definition
| hot as a hear,dry as a bone ,blind as a bat,red as abeet ,mad as a hatter |
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Term
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Definition
| stop the breakdown of ACH,increases ACH |
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Term
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Definition
| conducting away from the organ or part |
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Term
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Definition
| coming back to center,exmaple-nerves from periphery to CNS(towards?) |
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Term
| cautions for anticholinergic drugs |
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Definition
| glaucoma increase IOP,BPH increase urinary retention,obstruction or retention, cardiovascular disease increase HR |
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Term
| anticholingergic side effects(toxic) |
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Definition
| xerostomia,urinary retention,constipation,reduced sweating,hyperthermia |
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Term
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Definition
salivation,lacrimation,urination,defecation,GI(diarrhea),emesis(vomiting),paralysis and death
Or sludge |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate the parasympathetic system |
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Term
| drug group-anticholinergic |
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Definition
| block/inhibits parasypatheic system |
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Term
drug group-(a)adrenergic(alpha-agonist)
(b) adrenergic (beta agonist) |
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Definition
| stimulate the sympthetic system |
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Term
drug group
a blocker(alpha blocker)
b blocker(beta blocker) |
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Definition
| inhibit the sympathetic system |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase gastric mobility |
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Term
| asthma(caotion with cholineric drugs) |
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Definition
| parasypathetic stimulation leads to bronchial costrition |
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Term
|
Definition
| parasympathetic stimulates leads to low heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| alzheimer(ACH deficiency in brain) |
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Definition
| Doneepezil,galantamine,rivastigmine |
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Term
|
Definition
| organophosphates(ACHE inhibitor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sarin and VX (ACHE inhibitors) |
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Term
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Definition
| treats Myasthenia GRaiv(these people should not be given irreversable inhibitors |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscles contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
vascodiolation of arteries
vascoconstiction of coronary arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates heart mucsles,increase heart rate, increases contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle relaxtion,bronchodilation,vascodialion |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| anti chol drug-scopolamine= |
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Definition
|
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Term
| anti ch drugs-dicyclomine= |
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Definition
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Term
| anti chol drugs-Ipratropium(inhaled) |
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Definition
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Term
| anti chol drugs-tiotropium(inhaled) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| released from adrenal gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| released at the post gan nerve ending of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors are important ion the brain andsplanchnic and renal vasculature |
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Term
|
Definition
| a1 agonist,vascocon striction ,lower nasal congesstion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| doc FOR ANAPHYLAXIS,LOCAL(A)CONSTRICTS BLOOD VESEILS,systemic(a and b)stemulates increase blood pressure |
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Term
| b agonsit-albuteral,formoterol,salmeterol |
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Definition
| b2 stimulates ,bronchodialtion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
nondepolerizing neuromusclar blockers
cisatrcurium,vecuronium,rocuronium |
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Definition
| paralize muscle,inhibion,surgry |
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Term
| neuromusclar blocking drugs |
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Definition
| paralyze the muscle, do not stop pain transmissions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
selecrted opioid analgesics by efficacy
strongest PO |
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Definition
morophine,methadone,meperidine(demerol)
normeperdime(seizures),hydromorphine(dilaudid |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxycodone(percocet,tylox) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrocodone(vicodin,loratab,lorocett)type3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxycodone20mg=hydrocodone30mg=codine300mg |
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Term
|
Definition
| is an antagonist at all three recectpor site |
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Term
|
Definition
| most opioid are absorpted well orally |
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Term
|
Definition
| how the drug moves around the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| signifcant first pass metabolism ,via liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| metabolized opioid are excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| usully the cause of death with overdose |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by toxic contraction of the GI tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| pinpoint pupils(constricted) |
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Term
| histamine release(bad reaction) |
|
Definition
| opioid can stimulated release,itching and hives can result |
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Term
|
Definition
| the respitor depression produced by opioids is addictive with other CNS depressants such alcohol,sedative-hypnotic agents,promethazine or hydroxyzine |
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Term
|
Definition
15mg,30mgIR tabs,typical dose15-30mgQ4Hprn
no dose celling |
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Term
|
Definition
percocet(5mg oxycodone/325 APAP)
typical dose 1-2 Q4H prn |
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Term
|
Definition
vicodine(5mg hydrodone/500APAP(10/325)
typical dose 1-2 tabs Q4H prn |
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Term
|
Definition
| no dose celling,2,4mg tabs |
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Term
|
Definition
| the most commonly used opioid in dentistry combined with acetaminphen fororal administration:Tylenol 3(3omg codeine/300mg APAP) |
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Term
|
Definition
| immediate IgE-breathing,life threathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| serum sickness, IgG, skin eruptions,can be caused by pen and sulfonamindes |
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Term
|
Definition
| delayed hypersens,medated by t-lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
| toxicologic eval of drugs |
|
Definition
| animal experments can often elicits adverse,reactions that could occure in humans,reaction in animals do noy always predictions in humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| pure opioid antagonist ,active parenterally |
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Term
|
Definition
| placed directly in to the gastrointestinal tract by oral or rectal |
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Term
|
Definition
| by passes gastrointestinal,injection |
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|
Term
| the pregan NE are? shortor long |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the post gang NE are long or short |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the pregang ACH is ? long or short |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the postgang ACH? short or long |
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Definition
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Term
2.
Opioids are classified according to their chemical structure. Agents with similar chemical structures are most likely to be cross-allergenic.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
| Both statements are true. |
|
|
Term
.
Which of the following opioids is considered the prototype (i.e., drug against which all other opioids are measured)?
Codeine
Opium
Dextromethorphan
Morphine
Heroin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
All of the following are pharmacologic actions of opioids except one. Which one is the exception?
Sedation and euphoria
Excitation
Cough suppression
Decrease intestinal tract motility
Analgesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
.
Opioids mimic the action of which of the following endogenous substances by binding to these naturally occurring receptor sites?
Histamines, bradykinins, cytokines
Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine |
|
Definition
.
Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins |
|
|
Term
Patients who are given analgesic doses of opioids frequently suffer from nausea and vomiting caused by the stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Reducing this adverse effect can be achieved by:
Taking the medication with a meal
Taking the medication on an empty stomach
Discouraging movement or ambulation
Taking antinausea medication with the opioid |
|
Definition
| Discouraging movement or ambulation |
|
|
Term
.
Naloxone is an example of a(an):
Opioid agonist
Partial opioid agonist
Opioid agonist-antagonist
Opioid antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What effect does opioid use have the fetus of a pregnant mother near term?
Teratogenic effects and fetal malformation
Fetal tachycardia and cardiovascular distress
Fetal respiratory depression and withdrawal symptoms
Premature closure of the ductus arterious |
|
Definition
| Fetal respiratory depression and withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
Term
Which of the following routes of administration will result in a reduction in systemic distribution of opioids?
Transdermal
Parenteral
Nasal
Oral |
|
Definition
Which of the following routes of administration will result in a reduction in systemic distribution of opioids?
Transdermal
Parenteral
Nasal
Oral |
|
|
Term
Tolerance does not develop to which of the following effects of opioids?
Euphoria and sedation
Cough suppression
Nausea and vomiting
Myosis and constipation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors determines the addiction potential of opioids?
Efficacy of the analgesic and frequency of use
Potency of the analgesic and frequency of use
Degree of sedation and euphoria
Condition for which the opioid is given |
|
Definition
| Potency of the analgesic and frequency of use |
|
|
Term
“Shoppers” are addicts who try to use dentists or physicians who will prescribe their drug of choice. Shoppers are usually willing to try any opioid or controlled substance the physician is willing to provide.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false. |
|
|
Term
The largest group of opioids is the:
Morphine/codeine group
Methadone group
Morphian group
Meperidine group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Differences in action of different opioids in tolerance to pain may be the result of variations in the endogenous levels of the neurotransmitters. Differences in the action of different opioids at these and other specific receptors explain some of the variations among the different opioids' adverse reactions.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
| Both statements are true. |
|
|
Term
.
Which of the following statements are correct concerning opioid receptors?
Stimulation of μ-receptors produces analgesia.
The κ-receptor is responsible for dysphoria.
Naloxone is an antagonist at the three receptor sites.
Morphine has no effect on the κ-receptor.
All of the above
a, b, and c only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following routes of absorption can be used with opioids?
Oral
Absorbed through the mucous membranes of mouth, nose, and lungs
Transdermal patches
Parenteral
All of the above |
|
Definition
Which of the following routes of absorption can be used with opioids?
Oral
Absorbed through the mucous membranes of mouth, nose, and lungs
Transdermal patches
Parenteral
All of the above |
|
|
Term
The major route of metabolism for the opioids is the:
Blood plasma
Liver
Lungs
Kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Codeine has all of the following effects in usual therapeutic doses except one. Which one is the exception?
Pain threshold increase, pain reaction reduction
Sedation and euphoria
Cough suppression
Central nervous system excitation
Decreases propulsive contractions and motility of intestinal tract |
|
Definition
| Central nervous system excitation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is correct concerning depression of the respiratory center by opioids?
Respiratory depression is dose related.
Opioids decrease the sensitivity of the brainstem to carbon dioxide.
Opioids decrease the rate and depth of breathing.
In elderly adults or debilitated persons, the usual therapeutic dose can cause significant reductions in pulmonary ventilation.
Respiratory depression is not usually a concern with opioid use.
All of the above
a, b, c, and d only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Patients with which of the following conditions are least sensitive to the respiratory depression induced by opioids?
Head injuries
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nausea and vomiting with analgesic doses of opioids is caused by:
Direct stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla
Indirect stimulation of the vestibulocochlear area
Patient movement
All of the above
a and c only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small doses of even weak opioids often cause constipation. With continued administration, tolerance will develop to this effect.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is true; the second statement is false. |
|
|
Term
Opioid abuse or overdose can often by diagnosed by which of the following signs?
Myosis (pinpoint pupils)
Mydriasis (dilation of pupils)
Photophobia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Large doses of the opioids have which of the following effects on the cardiovascular system?
Postural hypotension, syncope
Depression of the vagus nerve
Stimulation of vagus nerve
Bradycardia
a, b, and d
a, c, and d |
|
Definition
Large doses of the opioids have which of the following effects on the cardiovascular system?
Postural hypotension, syncope
a, c, and d |
|
|
Term
Why would a patient who is taking opioids develop a runny nose and itchy eyes?
Allergic reaction to the opioids
Histamine release stimulated by opioids
Vasoconstriction of capillaries by opioids
Bronchoconstriction triggered by opioids |
|
Definition
| Histamine release stimulated by opioids |
|
|
Term
The rate of development of tolerance and addiction is related to the strength of the opioid and its frequency and length of use. Addiction to opioid analgesics is a common problem when they are used to treat dental-related pain.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
| The first statement is true; the second statement is false. |
|
|
Term
Which opioid is frequently used to help patients discontinue opioid use and is used both short term and long term for maintenance?
Codeine
Methadone
Naltrexone
Meperidol |
|
Definition
Which opioid is frequently used to help patients discontinue opioid use and is used both short term and long term for maintenance?
Codeine
Methadone
Naltrexone
Meperidol |
|
|
Term
Opioids should be used with caution with other central nervous system depressants. The respiratory depression produced by the opioids is additive with that produced by other central nervous system depressants.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
Definition
Opioids should be used with caution with other central nervous system depressants. The respiratory depression produced by the opioids is additive with that produced by other central nervous system depressants.
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
The first statement is false; the second statement is true. |
|
|
Term
Your patient states that he is allergic to morphine. Which other opioid would be safe to administer to this patient?
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Codeine
Meperidine
Hydromorphone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
.
The most commonly used opioid in dentistry is:
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Codeine
Meperidine
Hydromorphone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tylenol #3 would have how much codeine added to the acetaminophen?
15 mg
30 mg
60 mg
90 mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35.
All of the following statements are true regarding propoxyphene (Darvocet) except one. Which one is the exception?
Propoxyphene is no more efficacious than two tablets of aspirin or acetaminophen.
Propoxyphene is available combined with aspirin and caffeine or acetaminophen.
Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and physical dependence.
Hundreds of deaths have been associated with its overdose, often in combination with alcohol.
Propoxyphene is so effective that justifying a prescription of propoxyphene is easy. |
|
Definition
| Propoxyphene is so effective that justifying a prescription of propoxyphene is easy. |
|
|
Term
Meperidine (Demerol) is a good choice for oral use because it has a long duration of action and few drug interactions.
Both parts of the statement are true.
Both parts of the statement are false.
The first part of the statement is true; the second part is false.
The first part of the statement is false; the second part is true. |
|
Definition
.
Both parts of the statement are false. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the opioid hydromorphone (Dilaudid)?
Only administered parenterally
Reserved for management of severe pain
Less potent than morphine
Favored by addicts because of its strength
All of the above
b and d only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Methadone (Dolophine) has all of the following advantages over morphine or hydrocodone except one. Which one is the exception?
Longer duration of action, easier withdrawal from drug
Good bioavailability
Cost effect
Oral rather than parenteral route of administration
Great risk for death and life-threatening changes in respiration and heart rate |
|
Definition
Methadone (Dolophine) has all of the following advantages over morphine or hydrocodone except one. Which one is the exception?
Longer duration of action, easier withdrawal from drug
Good bioavailability
Cost effect
Oral rather than parenteral route of administration
Great risk for death and life-threatening changes in respiration and heart rate |
|
|
Term
Which of the following opioid family is most commonly used perioperative or during general anesthesia?
Morphine/codeine family
Fentanyl family
Methadone family
Morphinan family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include agonist-antagoist opioid alalgesics and part agonist |
|
|
Term
| only agonist-antagogoist opioid available in oral form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse reaction to agonist- antagonist |
|
Definition
| sedtaion ,dizziness,nausea,vomiting, and headache |
|
|
Term
| agonish-antagonist parentally |
|
Definition
| dezocine,nalbuphine and butorphanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buprenorphine(buprenex,subutex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has U,acts inhibits uptake of norerpinephine and serotonin |
|
|
Term
| opioids are or are not indiccated for chorinic pain in dentistry |
|
Definition
|
|
