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| drug effects that are not the desired therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous |
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| name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it |
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| name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug |
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| chemicals that are introduced into the body to bring about some sort of change |
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| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
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| federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies |
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| drugs sold by their chemical name; not brand (or trade) name products |
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| process of altering DNA, usually of bacteria, to produce a chemical to be used as a drug |
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| drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these orphans can be adopted by drug companies to develop |
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| Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs |
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| drugs that are available without a prescription for self-treatment of a variety of complaints; deemed to be safe when used as directed |
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| the study of the biological effects of chemicals |
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| clinical pharmacology-the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans |
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| a pilot study of a potential drug done with a small number of selected, healthy human volunteers |
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| a clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent |
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| use of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat |
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| continual evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing |
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| initial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects |
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| having adverse effects on the fetus |
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| information gathering regrading the current status of a particular patient, including evaluation of past history and physical examination; provides a baseline of information and clues to effectiveness of therapy |
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| part of the nursing process; determining the effects of the interventions that were instituted for the patient and leading to further assessment and intervention |
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| actions undertaken to meet a patient's needs, such as administration of drugs, comfort measures, or patient teaching |
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| the art of nurturing and administering to the sick, combined with the scientific application of chemistry, anatomy, physiology, biology, nutrition, psychology, and pharmacology to the particular clinical situation |
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| statement of an actual or potential problem, based on the assessment of a particular clinical situation, which directs needed nursing interventions |
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| the problem-solving process used to provide efficient nursing care; it involves gathering information, formulating a nursing diagnosis statement, carrying out interventions, and evaluating the process |
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| what happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid |
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| the movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; usually requires the use of energy |
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| synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; frequently used for drug therapy of neoplasms but also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell |
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| the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired effect |
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| movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drug's solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins |
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| process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system |
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Definition
| removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile or feces |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation |
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| passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule |
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| the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved |
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| Hepatic Microsomal System |
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Definition
| liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, including drugs |
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Definition
| use of a higher dose than that which is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner |
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| movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane with the concentration gradient; does not require energy |
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| the science that deals with the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter living organisms |
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| the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs |
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| the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion |
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| documented effect of the mind on drug therapy |
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| specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell |
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| property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells |
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| bone marrow depression caused by drug effects on the rapidly multiplying cells of the bone marrow |
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| skin reactions commonly seen as adverse effects of drugs; can range from simple rash to potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis |
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| formation of antibodies to a drug or drug protein |
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| excessive responsiveness to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug |
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| overdose of a drug that causes damage to multiple body systems and has the potential for fatal reactions |
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| inflammation of the mucous membranes related to drug effects |
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| infections caused by the destruction of bacteria of the normal flora by certain drugs, which allow other bacteria to enter the body and cause infection |
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| a very old system of measure that was specifically developed for use by apothecaries or pharmacists |
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| a method of determining the correct drug dose for a child based on the known adult dose: child's dose= weight of child/150 X average adult dose |
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| finding the equivalent values between two systems of measure |
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| a method of determining a pediatric drug dose for a child younger than 1 year of age, based on the child's age and the usual adult dose: child's dose= child's age (mo)/150mo X average adult dose |
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Definition
| the most widely used system of measure based on the decimal system |
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Definition
| an equation in which a ratio containing two known equivalent amounts is on one side and a ratio containing the amount desired to convert and its unknown equivalent is on the other side |
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| a method for determining pediatric drug dose based on the child's age and the usual adult dose: child's dose= child's age(yr)/child's age (yr) +12 X average adult dose |
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| includes herbs and other "natural" products as often found in ancient records, not controlled by the FDA |
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| so-called germ warfare; the use of bacteria, viruses, and parasites on a large scale to incapacitate or destroy a population |
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| a comparison of the relative cost of the same drug provided by different manufacturers to determine the costs to the consumer |
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| uses of a drug that are not part of the stated therapeutic indications for which the drug was approved by the FDA |
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| tendency of patients to self-diagnose and determine their own treatment needs |
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| nonprescription drugs with no known therapeutic use; used to enhance mood or increase pleasure |
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| enzyme responsible for the immediate breakdown of acetylcholine when released from the nerve ending; prevents overstimulation of cholinergic receptor sites |
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| receptor sites on effectors that respond to norepinephrine |
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| adrenergic receptors that are found in smooth muscles |
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| portion of the central and peripheral nervous systems that, with the endocrine system, functions to maintain internal homeostasis |
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| adrenergic receptors that are found in the heart, lungs, and vascular smooth muscle |
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| receptor sites on effectors that respond to acetylcholine |
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| groups of closely packed nerve cell bodies |
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| enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine to make it inactive |
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| cholinergic receptors that also respond to stimulation by muscarine |
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Definition
| cholinergic receptors that also respond to stimulation by nicotine |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| "rest-and-digest" response mediator that contains (CNS) cells from the cranium or sacral area of the spinal cord, long preganglionic axons, ganglia near or within the effector tissue, and shot postganglionic axons that react with cholinergic receptors |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| "flight-or-flight" response mediator; composed of CNS cells fromt he thoracic or lumbar areas, short preganglionic axons, ganglia near the spinal cord, and long postganglionic axons that react with adrenergic receptors |
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