What is compliance?

What is another term for compliance?

Implementation of fulfillment of a prescriber's or caregiver's prescribed course or treatment or therapeutic plan by a patient.

Also called adherence.

What are goals?

Statements that are time specific and describe generally what is to be accomplished to address a specific nursing diagnosis.

Define medication error.

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or helath care professional; it may or may not cause the patient harm.

What is noncompliance?

What is another term used for noncompliance?

An informed decision on the part of the patient or not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion.

Also termed nonadherence.

What is the nursing process?

An organizational framework for the practice of nursing.  

It encompasses all steps taken

by the nurse in caring for a patient (meaning ADPIE)

What is outcome criteria?

What do they have in common with goals?

Descriptions of specific patient behaviors or responses that demonstrate meeting or achievement of goals related to each nursing diagnosis.  

These statements, like goals, should be verifiable, framed in behavioral terms, measurable, and time specific.

What is the difference between outcome criteria

and goals?

Outcome criteria are considered to be specific,

whereas goals are broad.

Who is a prescriber?

Any healthcare professional licensed by the appropriate regulatory board to prescribe medications.

What are the eight rights?

• Right patient
• Right drug
• Right storage
• Right prep
• Right dose
• Right time
• Right route
• Right charting

What are the two medications are common in medication errors?

Insulin

&

anticoagulants

At what point of care are

opportunites for medication errors?

• Procuring 
• Prescribing
• Transcribing
• Dispensing
• Adminstering
• Monitoring

What are ways to prevent medication errors?

• Minimize verbal or telephone orders.
• List indication next to each other.
• check patient allergies regarding meds.
• never use a trailing zero (dont use 1.0 mg, use 1 mg)
• always use a leading zero (0.25 mg)

When a medical error occurs, what should be done?

When should medication reconciliation be done?

should be done at each stage of healthcare

ex(s).  admission, status change, transfers, and discharge

What are additive effects?

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.  (1+1=2)

What is an adverse drug event?

Any undesirable occurence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.

What is an adverse drug reaction? 

Any unexpected, unintended, undersired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages.

What are adverse effects? 

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs.

What is an agonist?

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

What is an allergic reaction?

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity  of a patient to a particulat medication: a type of adverse drug event.

What is an antagonist?

A drug that binds and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

What are antagonist effects?

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sumof the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

(1+1=less than 2)

It is usually caused by an antagonizing

(blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.

What is bioavailability?

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0 to 100%)

What is biotransformation? 

What is another term for biotransformation?

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug.  

Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active.  

Also know was metabolism.

What is the blood-brain barrier?

The barrier system that restricts teh passage of carious chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g. bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system.  

It still allows for the passage of essential substance such as oxygen.

What does the chemical name describe?

The chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.

What is contraindication?

Any condition, especially one related to a disesease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.

What is cytochrom P-450?

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism.

What is dependence?

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need,

as for a drug.

What is dissoulution?

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintergrate into the GI tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.

What is a drug?

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.

What are drug actions?

The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g. the action of a drug on a receptor protein).

Also called mechanism of action.

What are drug effects?

The physiologic rections of the body to a drug. 

Can be therapeutic or toxic.

Describe how the functon of the body is affected as a whole by the drug.

What terms describe drug effects?

onset, peak, and duration

What is drug-induced teratogenesis?

The development of congential anomalies or degects in developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.

What is a drug interaction?

Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes requred for metabolism of the involved drugs.

What is duration of action?

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the or tissues is sufficient to ellicit a response.

What are enzymes?

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism.

Describe the first pass effect.

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.

What is the generic name?

The name given to a drug that is much shorter and simplier than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.

Also known as nonpriprietary name.

Describe half-life.

The time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to a individual patient.

What is incompatibility?

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.

Where is the intraarticular route? 

within the joint

Where is the intrathecal route?

within a sheath

What is the medication use process?

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of 

medications, and the monitoring of their effects.

What are metabolites?

a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug.

What are active metabolites?

Metabolites that have pharmacologic activity of ther own.

What are inactive metabolites?

Metabolites that lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (e.g. the urinary, respiratory, or GI tract).

What is the onset of action?

The time requires for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing.

What is a parent drug?

The chemical form of a drug that is administerd before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites.  

What is a peak effect?

The time required for a drug to reach its maximal therapeutic response in the body.

What is peak level?

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

What is pharmaceutics?

THe science of preparing and dispensing drugs,

including dosage form design.

What is pharmacodynamics?

The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity.

It examines the physiolcochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors.

What is pharmacogenetics?

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic abberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metaabolizing enzymes.

What is pharmacognosy?

The study of drugs that obtained from natural plant and animal sources.

What is pharmokinetics?

The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body.  It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

What is pharmacology?

The broadest term for the study of drugs.

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

The treatment of pathologic conditions

through the use drugs.

What is a prodrug?

An inactive drug form that is converted to an active metaboliteby various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.

What is a receptor?

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell.  

What is a receptor's function?

They bind specific substances (e.g. drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor reaction.

What is a steady state?

The physiologic state in which the amoung of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

What are substrates?

Substances on which an enzyme acts.

What are synergistic effects?

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is grater than teh sum of the individual effects (1+1=greater than 2)

What is therapeutic drug monitoring?

The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient's drug exposure.

Allows adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.

What is the therapeutic effect?

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.

What is tolerance?

The reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.

Define the term toxic.

The quality of being poisonous.

What is toxicity?

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities.

What is toxicology?

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments.

What is a trade name?

The commercial name give to a drug by its manufacturer, also called an prioprietary name.

What is a trough level?

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level.

Usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.;;'

What are the four main sources for drugs?

LAMP

• Laboratory synthesis
• Animals
• Minerals
• Plants

What is active transport?

The active movement of a substance between tissues.

What is diffusion?

The passive movement of a substance between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Define the term elderly.

A person who is 65 years or older.

Define the term neonate.

A person younger than 1 month of age.

What is polypharmacy?

The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who ofter has several health problems.

At what ages is a person defined as a child?

1-12 years