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Pharm Test I
autonomic pharmacology
66
Pharmacology
Post-Graduate
10/23/2010

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Term
pilocarpine: what it does
Definition
muscarinic PSNS agonist. used for xerostomia- increases blood flow to saliva by dilating vessels in salivary glands, which increase water flow, increases secretion
Term
pilocarpine: contraindications
Definition
asthma- muscarinic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle constricts it and stimulates glandular secretion

ulcers: increases HCl in stomach
Term
pilocarpine: warnings
Definition
driving: can produce a decrease in visual acuity by causing a contraction of ciliary muscle- which causes suspensory ligament tension on the lens, which causes a rounding of the lens for near vision- produces miosis

cardiovascular patients- can cause temporary bradycardia due to stimulation of AV node on the heart- hypotension may also occur due to vasodilation in peripheral vessels having noninnervated muscarinic receptors (vestigial) CV patients may not be able to respond well to these vascular changes

pulmonary diseases- same as asthma
Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: what they do
Definition
competitive pharmocological antagonists of Ach- they can block salivary secretion
Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: contraindications
Definition
narrow angle glaucoma- relaxes iridial sphincter muscle causing mydriasis which blocks drainage through canals of shlem, causing intraocular presure, occlusion of vessels and retinal detachment- can cause blindness!

prostatic hypertrophy- blockage of PSNS input will cause increase in SNS tone on the sphincter- causing urinary retention- causing pain

ulcerative colitis- this will decrease GI motility, increasing the contact time with cytotoxins
Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: warnings
Definition
heart patients: inhibition of AV and SA nodal activity can lead to increase in heart rate and heart work

young children- hyperactivity

elderly- enhanced effects, use lower dose or avoid

asthma: mucous usually traps allergens, fi you get rid of it, you can get a acute attack- bronchospasm
Term
what drugs cause a competitive antagonistic effect on ACh receptors and are used to block the actions of Ach on salivary glands?
Definition
atropine sulfate (sal-tropine)
propantheline (pro-banthine)
glycopyrrolate (robinul)
hyoscyamine (cytospaz)
Term
What drug is used as PSNS Ach agonist to increase salivary gland?
Definition
pilocarpine
Term
Alpha-1 receptors
Definition
excitatory- post junctional associated with mobilization of intracellular Ca++
Term
alpha-2 receptors
Definition
inhibitory- due to opening of K+ channels- causing hyperpolarization- these receptors can be pre, post, or non junctional
Term
B1 receptors
Definition
excitatory effect on the heart- post junctional
Term
B2 receptors
Definition
inhibitory effects- can be post, pre, or non junctional
Term
phenylephrine(neo synephrine)
Definition
pure alpha agonist
Term
norepinephrine (levo-phed)
Definition
mixed alpha and beta affinity, but NO beta 2 activity
Term
levonordefrin (neo-cobefrin)
Definition
mixed alpha and beta
Term
epinephrine (adrenalin)
Definition
mixed alpha and beta
Term
isoproterenol (isuprel)
Definition
pure beta agonist
Term
albuterol (proventil)
Definition
pure B2 agonist
Term
indirect acting agents
Definition
agents that have no affinity for adrenoreceptors but can elicit sympathetic effects by causing an increase in the amount of norepinephrine in the vicinity of adrenoreceptors
Term
ampthetamine
Definition
indirect- causes an increase in the normal leakage of NE from nerve varicosities until ther eis sufficient NE in the NEJ to activate a significant number of receptors
Term
cocaine
Definition
this agent blocks the actions of specific NE transporters in the prejunctional membranes which slows down the reuptake of NE after firing of a nerve. this can lead to increased frequency of receptor occupation and thus greater than normal activity
Term
a1-adrenoreceptors responses
Definition
excitatory-
contraction of muscles and secretion from glands

1)radial muscle of eye- contracts causing widening of the pupil (mydriasis) which will facilitate night vision

2) smooth muscle of blood vessels in skin and salivary glands will contract to direct blood flow elsewhere

salivary gland secretion will become thick and ropy
Term
B2 receptors
Definition
inhibitory responses- relaxation of smooth muscle or decrease in glandular secretions

1) ciliary muscle of the eye relaxes- causes lens to flatten

2) smooth muscle of hepatic blood vessels relax- increase in blood flow to liver increasing output of glucose

3) smooth muscle of bronchioles relax to increase o2 intake for increased energy demands
Term
B1 receptors
Definition
excitatory receptors on the heart-
of atrial and ventricular muscle- increases automaticity and force of contraction

2) stimulation of receptors in S-A node will lead to an increase in atrial contractions which translates to increase in heart rate
Term
Effector with unusual receptor populations
Definition
1) smooth m. of blood vessels of skeletal m.
Term
blood vessels of skeletal muscles have what receptors?
Definition
a1 receptor predominate during homeostasis, B2 dominate during stress
Term
order of abundance of receptors in smooth muscle of blood vessels of skeletal m.
Definition
1) b2 receptors are the most abundant- not associated with any nerves- stimulated by epi from adrenal medulla - dilation

2) muscarinic receptor- are less abundant. associated with sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic nerves- stimulated by Ach release - dilation

3)A1 adrenoreceptors are the least abundant and associated with sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves- stimulated by NE release - constriction
Term
metabolic responses- glucose metabolism in response to "fight"
Definition
a1 receptor stimulation stimulated glucose production
a2 receptor stimulation inhibits insulin release
Term
what are the three factors that influence a response to an adrenergic agonist?
Definition
a) predominant receptor population
b)the agonist used
c) compensatory reflexes
Term
alpha drug- phenylephrine. what is it used for?
Definition
nasal decongestant- selective stimulation of a1 receptors on blood vessels of the nasal mucosa cause vasoconstriction, decreasing blood volume.
Term
alpha adrenergic agonist EPI, levonordefrin what is it used for?
Definition
prolongation of anesthetic effects- vasocontstriction- decreases redistribuition of local anesthetic
Term
unspecified alpha adrenergic agonists- two uses
Definition
1) local hemostasis
2) gingival retraction
Term
beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol- what is it used for
Definition
to treat bronchospasm and bronchial asthma- B2 pathway causes relaxation of bronchial smooth m. and stimulates mast cells by inhibiting their release of histamine
Term
Alpha and beta adrenergic agonist epinephrine is used for what?
Definition
anaphylactic shock-
1) a1 receptors reverse drop in blood pressure
2) b2 receptors fight against histamine induced bronchoconstriction
3) b1 receptors counderact cardiodepression
Term
cholinergic actions-
1) EYE
2)HEART
3)BLOOD VESSELS
4)LUNG
5)SALIVARY GLANDS
Definition
1) radical m- nothing
iris sphincter- contraction (miosis)
ciliary m. contraction (near vision)

2)SA Node- decrease heart rate
atria- decrease contractility, decrease conduction velocity
AV Nodal system- decrease conduction velocity, close AV gate
ventricles- decrease contractility, decrease conduction velocity

3)blood vessels- skeletal m.- dilation
salivary glands- dilation

4)bronchial muscle- contraction

5)salivary gland- profuse, watery secretion
Term
epi responses
1)eye
2)heart
3)blood vessels
4)lung
5)salivary glands
Definition
1) radial m.- contraction (mydriasis)
sphincter- none
ciliary m. - relax- far vision

2)SA Node- increase heart rate
atria - increase contractility, increase conduction velocity
AV nodal system- increase conduction velocity, open AV gate
ventricles- increase contractility
increase conduction velocity

3)blood vessels-
skeletal muscles- constriction and dilation
salivary glands-constriction

4)bronchial muscle- relaxation

5)salivary glands- thick, viscous secretion
Term
cholinergic nerve terminal- biosynthesis
Definition
simple process occuring within the cytoplasm of the nerve
choline acetylase- catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl-coa to choline
Term
rate limiting step in cholinergic nerve terminal
Definition
choline actively transported into the nerves
Term
storage of acetylcholine
Definition
acetylcholine is actively transported into vesicles in the nerve varicosities
Term
release of acetylcholine
Definition
depolarization of the varicosity causes an increase in intracellular Ca++ which facilitates the movement and coalescence of storage vesicles with the nerve membrane- exocytosis proceeds releaseing the ach into the neuroeffector junction
Term
termination of Ach release
Definition
all ACh released from nerve terminals is RAPIDLY hydrolyzed into acetate and choline by AChesterase which is embedded in the effector cell membrane

ACh reaching the blood can by hydrolysed by butyrylcholinesterase that is found free in the plasma
Term
nicotinic receptor
Definition
mimic responses seen when nicotine applied to autonomic ganglia.

these receptors predominate on the cell bodies and dendrites of all postganglionic nerves and on the neuromuscular endplates of all skeletal muscles
Term
muscarinic receptors
Definition
receptors that mediate responses similar to those seen with the administeration of muscarine

these receptors dominate on the postjunctional membranes of all effector cells innervated by postganglionic, cholinergic nerves (sympathetic (blood vessels of skeletal muscles) and parasympathetic)
Term
describe Loewi's experiment with frog hearts
Definition
Loewi took a frog heart and hooked it up to a chymograph so that everytime is went up and down it scratched on a piece of paper- perfused it with saline. He teased out the vagus nerve and hooked it to electrodes so he could stimulate the vagus. He then put a funnel which caught fluid from the first heart and put it on a second heart. When he stimulated the vagus of the first heart and it slowed down, the second heart would slow down- proved chemical transmission!!!!
Term
which autonomic system is mainly responsible for homeostasis?
Definition
SNS
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the major role of SNS: it is involved int he moment to moment physiological adjustments necessary for normal functioning. It predominates over the PSNS. Is esp. important for CV system!
Term
fight or flight
Definition
sns can exhibit unit firing! generalized activation of all componenets of the SNS- nerves/adrenal medulla. galvanizes the body for action in order to respond to a stressful situation.
Term
A1 receptors are found where
Definition
Iris- radial m.
BV of skeltal m.- least common
BV of salivary m.
Salivary glands
Term
B1 receptors are found where
Definition
heart!
Term
B2 receptors are found where?
Definition
ciliary m. of eye, BV of skeletal muscle- most common, bronchial m.
Term
biosynthesis of NE and E- starting blocks?
Definition
amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine derived from food and actively transported into nerves from the blood
Term
what is the rate limiting step of NE and E biosynthesis
Definition
tyrosine hydroxylase
Term
what upregulates tyrosine hydorxylase and DBH?
Definition
cortisol- ties together steroids and SNS
Term
40% of NE is located where in the nerve varicosity
Definition
Mobile Pool #1- free molecules floating in the axoplasm
Term
Why did Loewe's frog heart speed up sometimes when vagus was stimulated?
Definition
it depended on whether the heart was under parasympathetic control (hibernation) or sympathetic control
Term
where is the rest of NE that is not in mobile pool number 1 located?
Definition
in granules
Term
release of NE
Definition
similar to release of Ach- depolarization increases intracellular Ca ++ - movement and coalescence of storage granules with nerve membrane- exocytosis
Term
what is quantum release?
Definition
in adrenergic nerve endings- it is the release of complete content of granules- NE ATP AND DBH
Term
where is tyrosine hydroxylase located?
Definition
in the granules
Term
termination of NE action
Definition
a highly specific transporter protein actively transports NE from the junction back into cytoplasm of the varicosity
NE is then repackaged into granules by active transport proteins OR
metabolized by MAO in the mitochondria
Term
which is a more common fate of Ne that has been reuptaken in the nerve varicosity?
Definition
repackaging into granules more than into metabolized by MAO
Term
what are ghost granules?
Definition
vesicles released with no content from NE varicosity
Term
does mobile pool #1 ever leak?
Definition
yes- usually not enough to cause a response
Term
how do the actions of NE ultimately end?
Definition
the conc. gradient reverses as it is taken back up by the varicosity
Term
what happens to exogenous epi released from the adrenal medullad and exogenous NE
Definition
transmitters are metabolized by Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)
Term
describe the reversal of the conc gradient of exogenous NE and epi in the blood
Definition
as hepatic metabolism of transmitter molecules increases the blood levels decrease and there is a shift in direction of the concentration gradient away from receptors back to the blood- action ends.
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