Term
| absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. |
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Definition
| Pediatric physiologic characteristics that affect pharmacokinetic properties are ______, _______, ________ and _______. |
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Term
| pH dependent diffusion and gastric emptying time |
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Definition
| Factors affecting the absorption of drugs from the GI tract include ______ and |
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Term
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Definition
| The _______ of drug administration is commonly used in pediatrics |
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Term
| body water, water-soluble drugs, reduced |
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Definition
| The higher the percentage of ____ , the greater the dilution of _____ , which results in _____ serum concentration levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate ____ in neonates and infants results in lower binding capacity when compared with the binding capacity of mature ______ ; unbound drug levels can be high enough to produce side effects or toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| Competitive ____ in the neonate increases the potential for adverse effects from increased concentrations of bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
| The liver’s enzyme system activity is _____ , which results in longer half-lives from some drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ of drugs eliminated through the kidneys in a neonate and infant during the first 6 months of life is approximately 50% longer than in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| The patient’s response to a drug’s mechanism of action varies based on the _____ of the target organ and the ______ of the specific drug receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average older adult living at home uses _____ prescription drugs and __ OTC drugs, refilling these drugs 12 to 17 times per year. |
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Term
| diuretics, potassium salts, histamine2-antagonists, nitroglycerin, insulins, cardiac glycosides, beta-blockers, antianxiety drugs, and antihypertensives |
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Definition
| The drugs most commonly prescribed for older adults include ________. |
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Term
| analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, laxatives and antacids |
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Definition
| The most common OTC drugs purchased by older adults are ___, ____, _____, ______. (Agins, 2007). |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounding the effect of physiologic aging on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is the presence of ____ , chronic disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ is the result of multiple disease processes, but also of the prescribing behaviors of health care providers and of poorly coordinated patient management. _____ results in a higher risk for adverse effects, drug interactions, extended hospital stays and reduced compliance |
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Term
six basic principles that should be followed:
1. Start low and go slow
2. Start one (drug), stop two
3. Do not use a drug if the adverse effects are worse than the disease
4. Use as few drugs as possible, choosing nondrug therapies when possible
5. Frequently assess the patient’s response
6. Consider drug holidays from time to time. |
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Definition
| six basic principles that should be followed in drug admin in elderly: |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal of drug therapy in the older adult is to maintain health status using the ______ drugs possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased _____ of the older adult raises tissue concentrations and the duration of the drug action but lowers plasma concentrations of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| As the amount of unbound drug rises, the amount of drug available to produce an effect ____ , but so does the amount of drug available for metabolism and elimination. |
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Term
| 40%, renal function, cardiovascular disease, dehydration and kidney disease |
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Definition
| The half-life of a drug may be increased by as much as ___ % owing to declining ____ function, ______ disease, ____ and _____ disease |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ reduce the likelihood that drugs will accumulate to toxic levels in the blood stream, increase mental alertness (in some cases) and provide a cost savings. |
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Term
| Maternal factors affecting drug response during pregnancy include reduced tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract, altered secretion of hydrochloric acid, weight gain, rises in fluid volumes and blood pressure, higher production of plasma proteins, and greater competition for plasma protein binding sites |
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Definition
| Maternal factors affecting drug response during pregnancy include reduced ____ and ______ of the gastrointestinal tract, ____ secretion of hydrochloric acid, weight ___ , ____ in fluid volumes and blood pressure, _____ production of plasma proteins, and greater competition for plasma protein binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Pregnant women should be monitored for ____ levels as well as signs of drug toxicity throughout pregnancy whenever taking any drug |
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Term
| hepatic and renal, umbilical blood flow, immature, high |
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Definition
| Fetal factors affecting drug response include the fetus’s immature _____ and ____ systems, reduced plasma protein binding sites, ____ blood flow, ____ blood-brain barrier, a ____ proportion of water to body mass and placental metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| During pregnancy, ______ levels are reduced, prompting an increase in the amount of unbound drug. Unbound drugs in the maternal plasma cross the placenta into the fetal compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is influenced by the timing of use of the offending drug, the characteristics of the teratogen, the mechanism of action that triggers changes in developing cells, the dosage of the offending drug and susceptibility of the individual fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| possible, drug therapy for a breastfeeding woman should be ____ until her infant is weaned or is not totally dependent on breast milk for its nutrition |
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Term
Minimize drug exposure to mother and fetus by:
• Avoiding sustained-release, long acting drugs and those with long half-lives |
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Definition
Minimize drug exposure to mother and fetus by:
• Avoiding ______ , long acting drugs and those with long _____ • Using the lowest effective dose possible for the shortest possible time |
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Term
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Definition
Minimize drug exposure to mother and fetus by:
• Using the safest effective drug available while avoiding use of _____ drugs |
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Term
Minimize drug exposure to mother and fetus by:
• Using topical or local therapy whenever possible
• Having the mother take the drug immediately after breastfeeding |
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Definition
Minimize drug exposure to mother and fetus by:
• Using _____ or ____ therapy whenever possible
• Having the mother take the drug immediately ________ . |
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