Term
| Chemotherapy is defined as ________, whereas antibiotic is defined as _____, and an antimicrobial drug is defined as _____ |
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Definition
| the use of chemicals against invading organisms; a chemical produced by one microorganism that has the ability to harm other microbes; any agent, natural or synthetic, that has the ability to kill or suppress microorganisms |
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Term
| _______ is defined as the ability of a drug to injure a target organism without injuring other cell organisms |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do bacteria and mammalian cells differ? |
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Definition
| mammalian cells have no cell wall; bacteria are encased within a rigid cell wall |
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|
Term
| three major groups of microbials |
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Definition
| antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antiviral drugs |
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Term
| which drugs cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ are directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations, whereas _____ can slow microbial growth but do not cause cell death |
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Definition
| bactericidal drugs, bacteriostatic |
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Term
| organisms for which drug resistance is now a serious clinical problem include: (3) |
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Definition
| enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| name the four microbial mechanisms of drug resistance: |
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Definition
| reduction of drug concentration at the site of action, drug inactivation, alteration of drug target molecules, antagonist production |
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Term
| _____ is defined as a new infection that appears during the course of treatment for the primary infection |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the first rule of antimicrobial therapy is to______ |
|
Definition
| match the drug with the bug |
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Term
| two main reason for the resurgence of TB are: |
|
Definition
| the emergence of acquired HIV/AIDS, the development of multidrug-resistant mycobacteria |
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|
Term
| a definitive diagnosis of TB is made by ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| chest xray and microbiologic evaluation of sputum |
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Term
| why is it so difficult to suppress viral replication without doing significant harm to the host |
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Definition
| the viral growth cycle host-cell enzymes to replicate. if a drug is to affect the virus, it will also affect the host cell. at this point, the antiviral drugs used clinically act by suppressing biochemical processes unique to viral reproduction |
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|
Term
| the most common reactions to intravenous acyclovir are ____ & _____ at the site of infusion |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the treatment of choice for varicella-zoster infection ni the immunocompromised host |
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Definition
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|
Term
| indications for the use of aganciclovir include ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; prevention of CMV infection in transplant patients considered at risk |
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Term
| ______ is an intravenous (IV) drug with just one indication, the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| four drugs used for treatment of hepatitis B infection include: |
|
Definition
| interferon alfa, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir |
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|
Term
| the most common adverse effect of interferon alfa is ______ |
|
Definition
| a flu-like syndrome characterized by fever, fatigue, myalgia, heachache and chills |
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|
Term
| ________ is the treatment of choice for chronic hepatitis C |
|
Definition
| oral ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus) combined with subcutaneous peginterferon alfa |
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|
Term
| when must oseltamivir be initiated for treatment of influenza |
|
Definition
| no later than 2 days after symptom onset but preferably much sooner because benefits decline greatly when treatment is delayed |
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|
Term
| _______________ is a monoclonal antibody indicated for the prevention of RSV infection in premature infants and in young children with chronic lung disease |
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Definition
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Term
| the oppurtunistic mycoses include _,__,__, and ___. the nonoppurtunistic mycosis infections include ___, ____, ___, and ___. |
|
Definition
| candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis, sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis |
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|
Term
| much of the toxicity of amphotericin is attributable to the presence of ___ in mammalian cell membranes |
|
Definition
| sterols, principally cholesterol |
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|
Term
| ____ is the drug of choice for most systemic mycoses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| amphotericin B is toxic to the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the combination of ____ with a relatively low dose of amphotericin can produce antifungal effects equivalent to those of a high dose of amphotericin alone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is an alternative to amphotercin B for treating several systemic mycoses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| compared with amphotericin B, the current first choice drug for invasive aspergillosis, ____, is equally effective and poses a much lower risk of kidney damage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| because the development of resistance is common, ___ is almost always used in combination with amphotericin B |
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Definition
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|
Term
| effective topical agents for the treatment of thrush include ___, ___, ___, and ____ |
|
Definition
| nystatin, clotrimazole, amphotericin B |
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|
Term
| the drugs used most often for oral therapy of onychomycosis are ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
| terbinafine, itraconazole |
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