Term
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Definition
| chemical from one cell -> cell via the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone from endocrine cell -> bloodstream -> distant target cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone from neuron -> bloodstream -> distant target cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical from one cell type -> neighboring different cell type. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical -> neighboring identical cells or same cell. |
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Term
| Hypothalamus: Key regulator of the body through its influence on the ____ & _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus is a _________ - receives inputs from numerous brain regions and sends appropriate responses |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus Involved in: (8) |
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Definition
heat regulation
feeding
sexual activity
growth
metabolic rate
circadian rhythms
water balance
autonomic function |
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Term
| Three Major Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes: |
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Definition
H-P-Adrenal Axis
H-P-Thyroid Axis
H-P-Gonadal Axis |
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Term
| Pituitary comes from ectodermal tissues from roof of mouth (_____ pituitary) and from brain (_____ pituitary) |
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Definition
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Term
| Pituitary affects the Gonads (Ovary or Testes) via (3) |
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Definition
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone |
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Term
| Pituitary affects the Adrenal gland (Cortex or medulla) via (4) |
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Definition
Cortex
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Sex hormones
Medulla
NE |
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Term
| Pituitary affect the thyroid via (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Pharmacotherapy: Drugs that mimic or block the effects of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are used for 3 reasons: |
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Definition
1.) Replacement for hormone deficiency states
2.) Antagonists for diseases that result in excess production
3.) Diagnostic tools for identification of endocrine abnormalities |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones: (4) |
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Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (aka thyrotropin)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Leutenizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing factor for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (aka thyrotropin)? |
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Definition
| Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing factor for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)? |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing factor for Leutenizing Hormone (LH)? |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing factor for Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? |
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Definition
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
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Term
| Special Anterior Pituitary Hormones: (2) |
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Definition
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin |
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Term
| Hypothalamic Releasing Factors for Growth Hormone (GH)? |
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Definition
1.) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) stimulates production
2.) Somatostatin (SST) inhibits production |
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Term
| _______ stimulates production of Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
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Term
| _____ inhibits production of Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Definition
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Term
| Prolactin release is inhibited by ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Hormone is an Absolute requirement in ___ and early ____ for normal adult size. |
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Definition
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Term
| GH is not required by ___, but is absolute requirement once you are born. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Important effects of GH postnatally: ____ & ____ metabolism, ____ body mass |
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Definition
lipid and carbohydrate
lean |
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Term
| GH deficiency in Children is due to ___ basis or damage to ___ or _____. Results in ___ stature and ____. |
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Definition
Genetic
hypothalamus or pituitary
Short
adiposity |
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Term
| Examples of GH deficiency conditions: (3) |
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Definition
Prader-Willi syndrome
Turner syndrome
idiopathic short stature |
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Term
| GH hormone deficiencies treated with ___. Children dosed 5-10 times higher than adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adult GH deficiency results in disproportionately increased ____ and small ___ body mass, reduced ____ |
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Definition
body fat
lean
cardiac output |
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Term
| Aging results in natural drop in ___ secretion in early adult life, with a greater drop in later life |
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Definition
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Term
| Unsubstantiated evidence supporting these GH affects: (2) |
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Definition
anti-aging effects of GH
muscle mass increases and performance enhancement in athletes |
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Term
| ______: Shortened analog of GHRH, with full biological activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Sermorelin Does NOT work if GH deficiency is _____ to ____ defect |
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Definition
secondary
anterior pituitary |
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Term
| Sermorelin is ___ than GH, but may not be as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Side Effects of GH and Sermorelin:
VERY few side effects in children- ____, rarely ____
More side effects in adults- (4)
No definitive link to increase CA risk, but GH contraindicated in ____ |
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Definition
scoliosis
intracranial hypertension
peripheral edema
myalgias
arthralgias
carpal tunnel syndrome
malignancy |
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Term
| Excess GH AFTER the end of puberty (closed long bone growth plates)= _____, growth of periosteal bone: widened fingers, toes, hands, and feet, long jaw and prominent forehead. Increases in organ size (____), accelerated _____. |
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Definition
acromegaly
heart
atherosclerosis |
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Term
| Excess GH BEFORE end of puberty = ________ -> very tall stature, with long arms and legs |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess GH can be caused by Hypersecretion of GH by ____ tumors. Definitive treatment is surgical removal or Treatment with GH RELEASING antagonists: (2) |
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Definition
pituitary
octreotide (somatostatin analog)
bromocriptine (D2 receptor agonist) |
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Term
| _____: Very useful somatostatin analog- treatment of acromegaly as well as other hormone secreting tumors |
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Definition
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Term
Octreotide:
Given __ every four weeks
Side effects: (5)
Costly |
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Definition
SQ
GI problems
gall stones
bradycardia
conduction disturbances
Vit. B12 deficiencies |
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Term
| Prolactin is Primarily involved in stimulating ___ development and ___ production, some effects on ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus has no stimulation on prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary, but inhibitory control through ___ release via ___ Receptors in pituitary. Prolactin exerts (-) feedback control by enhancing ___ synthesis in the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation and release of prolactin: (4) |
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Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
oxytocin
5-HT
suckling (estrogen enhances actions of other mediators) |
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Term
| Development and further hyperplasia of breast tissue during pregnancy is regulated by: (5) |
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Definition
prolactin
estrogen
progesterone
cortisol
GH |
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Term
| During pregnancy, (4) cause development of alveolar lobules that produce milk |
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Definition
prolactin
estrogen
progesterone
cortisol |
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Term
| After birth, (3) stimulate milk synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Nursing period: ___ & ____ maintain milk secretion |
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Definition
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Term
Hyperprolactinemia Causes:
Hypothalamic or pituitary disease that interferes with ___
____ failure
Primary ______
Pituitary _____ |
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Definition
DA
Renal
Hypothyroidism -> (increased TRH due to dec. T3 & T4)
Adenomas = Primary cause |
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Term
Effects of Hyperprolactinemia:
____ in women
Negative feedback of the H-P-G axis:
____ & ____ in women
____ & ____ in men |
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Definition
Galactorrhea
Amenorrhea and infertility
Loss of libido and infertility |
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Term
Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia:
_____ is the prototype agent
Shrinks ____
Less effective with ____
Given orally or vaginally
Side Effects: Headache, nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension, psychiatric problems |
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Definition
Bromocriptine (D2 Dopamine Receptor Agonist)
adenomas
macroadenomas |
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Term
| Administration of anti-psychotic medications that ANTAGONIZE D2 receptors (chlopromazine, haloperidol, risperidone) can cause _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| D2 receptor agonists -> use discontinued post-partum in women who do not want to nurse -> CV toxicity |
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Definition
| Not sure what this means. D2 receptor agonists are used to treat Hyperprolactinemia. So if they are discontinued, then you could continue to have hyperprolactinemia which wouldn't be good for women who DON'T want to nurse... |
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