Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
CHLORAMPHENICOL
(generic, Chloromycetin)
MofA, Uses |
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Definition
ANTIBIOTIC
-static
protein synthesis inhibitor: reversibly binds to 50S ribosome subunit, preventing enzymatic action of peptidyltransferase, blocking peptide bond formation
CHLORAMPHENICOL has broad spectrum of activity against Gram(-), Gram(+) incl. MRSA and anaerobes
passes through blood-brain barrier into CNS
Use: as "alternative" second-line therapy for meningitis infection, can be used w/ penicillin in anaerobic brain abscesses, useful for "atypical" infections like Rickettsia (RMSF, murine typhus, Q fever)
not first-line theraby b/c of serious lethal side FX |
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Term
CHLORAMPHENICOL
(generic, Chloromycetin)
Toxicity, Resistance |
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Definition
CHLORAMPHENICOL
is not considered first-line therapy b/c of serious lethal side FX
Tox: bone marrow toxicity (incl. reversible bone marrow suppression & aplastic anemia); Gray Baby syndrome (cyanotic, vomiting babies b/c they lack the liver enzymes req'd to metabolize the drug); GI upset
Resistance: resistance to CHLORAMPHENICOL is mainly due to bacterial production of enzymes which acetylate/inactivate the drug |
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Term
| What is the most common community-acquired UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the initial therapy for lower UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is used in cases of UTI where resistance to sulfonamides develops? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the initial treatment for sinusitis (via S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. citarrhalis)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Rx should be initiated for a 65yo man with chronic bronchitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Rx should be initiated for community-acquired pneumonia, in an otherwise healthy person? |
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Definition
AZITHROMYCIN
more stable, and better absorption than Erythromycin
also could use Clarithromycin? |
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Term
| You observe Gram(+) cocci in clusters in a patient with hospital-acquired pneumonia … how should you treat? |
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Definition
LINEZOLID
"big gun" against nosocomials
Daptomycin gets deactivated
Aztreonam has narrower spectrum |
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Term
| How would you treat a case of hospital-acquired pneumonia, with concerns that the infection is due to Gram(-) bacteria like Pseud. Aeruginosa? |
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Definition
PIPERACILLIN/TAZOBACTAM + LEVOFLOXACIN
(need to know the penicillins?) |
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Term
| How would you treat a case of prostatitis where the patient is allergic to sufla drugs? |
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Definition
CIPROFLOXACIN
Fluoroquinolones have good penetration into the prostate |
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Term
| How would you treat cellulitis (skin infection) in someone who is allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins? |
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Definition
CLINDAMYCIN
often used as an alternative to penicillins and/or cephalosporins in cases of allergy |
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Term
How would you treat meningitis caused by a strain of pneumococcus that is penicillin-resistant?
CEFTRIAXONE + ……… |
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Definition
VANCOMYCIN
"big gun" reserved for serious staphylococcal infections
active against penicillin-resistant strains |
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Term
| How should you treat infection from Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)? |
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Definition
DOXYCYCLINE
the go-to tetracycline for this |
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Term
| How would you treat infection from Bacterioides Fragilis (anaerobic, peritoneal infection)? |
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Definition
METRONIDAZOLE
(need to know?) |
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Term
| How would you treat infection via the mollicute Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (upper RTI)? |
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Definition
| Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) &/or tetracyclines (e.g. tetracycline, doxycycline, doxycycline) &/or fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) would be effective treatments |
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Term
| How would you treat infection from Neisseria Gonorrhea & Chlamydia Trachomatis? |
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Definition
AZITHROMYCIN
a single dose has been used to treat uncomplicated genital chlamydial infections (as opposed to seven-day treatment course w/ Doxycycline) |
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Term
| How would you treat infection from Pneumocystis Jiroveci (opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients? |
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Definition
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE (TMP-SMX)
as effective as other treatments w/ IV administration
treating this infection with anti-folates has been shown to produce adverse side FX in the vast majority of patients (>80%) |
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Term
TETRACYCLINE
(generic, Achromycin, Sumycin)
MofA, Uses |
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Definition
TETRACYCLINE
is broad-spectrum, bacteriostatic
protein synthesis inhibitor, works by inhibiting the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing polypeptide chain elongation
Use: TETRACYCLINES used be used a lot, but resistance among both Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria is a growing problem; still used for "atypical" infections like Rickettsia, Brucella, Cholera, Chlamydia, Lyme Disease; used for gastric/duodenal ulcers due to H. Pylori infection; periodontitis; TETRACYCLINE is the drug of choice for Mycoplasma Pneumonia infection (along w/ doxycycline); some dermatological use for acne; not good for anaerobics/brain abscesses |
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Term
TETRACYCLINE
(generic, Achromycin, Sumycin)
Toxicity, Resistance |
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Definition
TETRACYCLINE
is notorious for causing GI upset
can modify NF, causing superinfection (C. Diff!)
can bind to Ca2+ and form deposits in teeth & bone
can inhibit collagenase, further periodontal tox
can cause renal damage (esp. with old, outdated, degraded Rx's)
distributes widely in the body (incl. placenta and mammary glands, but not the CNS) so it is contraindicated in pregnancy (and kids <8yo)
Resistance: increased efflux pump, active transport is the major clinical mechanism of resistance
Tet(AE) pump in Gram(-), Tet(M) in Gram(+)
Tet(K) in Staph. does NOT affect TETRACYCLINE |
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Term
| How should tetracycline antibiotics be taken? |
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Definition
Standing up
Not before bed
b/c TETRACYCLINES can cause esophageal ulceration
& with food/water (but NOT dairy products!)
b/c TETRACYCLINES can bind to Ca2+, decreasing oral absorption |
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Term
DOXYCYLINE
(generic, Vibramycin)
MofA, Uses |
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Definition
(same as for Tetracycline … broad spectrum, bacteriostatic, 30S ribosome action, protein synthesis inhibitor)
except DOXY demonstrates better oral absorption
& is excreted by non-renal mechanisms
Use: drug of choice for Lyme Disease (B. burgdorferi), drug of choice of Rocky Mount Spotted Fever (Rickettsia), drug of choice for adults with Mycoplasma pneumonia infection, used for chlamydia, brucellosis, cholera, some UTIs, acne, H. Pylori; DOXYCYCLINE tablets (Periostat) are also used for periodontitis |
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Term
DOXYCYLINE
(generic, Vibramycin)
Toxicity, Resistance |
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Definition
Tox: (same as Tetracycline … GI upset, superinfection, Ca2+-binding, bone/teeth deposits)
except non-renal excretion means no renal damage
Resistance: efflux pumps
Tet(AE) from Gram (-), Tet(M) from Gram(+), Tet(K) from Staphylococci |
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Term
MINOCYCLINE
(generic, Minocin, Dynacin) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(same as Tetracycline)
except TIGECYCLINE is not as susceptible to the efflux pumps, which create resistance to the other Tetracyclines (like a tiger!), so it is often used for skin infections from vancomycin-resistant and/or methicillin-resistant bacteria (i.e. MRSA, other beta-lactamase producers) |
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Term
ERYTHROMYCIN
(generic, others)
MofA, Uses |
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Definition
broad spectrum, bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor (50S)
Use: drug of choice for Mycoplasma pneumonia, first-line agent for urogenital chlamydia, used for Legionaire's Disease (Legionella pneumophila), used for non-streptococcal pharyngitis (Cornebacterium), often used as an alternative to penicillins (due to allergy) in treating bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic fever
ERYTHROMYCIN base has poor oral distribution, so esters have been made to improve absorption/stability; it is NOT distributed into the CNS (not used for meningitis) |
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Term
ERYTHROMYCIN
(generic, others)
Toxicity, Resistance |
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Definition
| Tox: GI upset, anorexia, (can be used therapeutically to increase gastric emptying), liver toxicity can cause hepatitis and jaundice (esp. estolate forms), ERYTHROMYCIN can inhibit CYP450 enzymes (drug intxns in the liver) |
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Term
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Definition
(same MofA as erythromycin ... 50S)
except more stable, better absorption, longer half-life
CLARITHROMYCIN has better activity against Haemophilus influenzae (influenza), better activity against Mycobacterium Avium (complex infection in HIV/AIDS pt's)
Use: for respiratory and skin infections
pharyngitis/tosilitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, CA-pneumonia, uncomplicated skin infections, for prevention and treatment of Mycobacterium Avium complex (MAC)
CLARITHROMYCIN causes less GI upset, but still can inhibit CYP450 enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
(same as MofA erythromycin ... 50S)
except more stable, better absorption, longer half-life (~3days) w/ possible one-a-day dose
a unique feature is that AZITHROMYCIN penetrates most tissues (except CNS); it is concentrated in polymorphonuclear leukocytes
USE: a single dose can treat chlamydia, & more highly active against H. influenza than Eythro- or Clarithro-
AZITHROMYCIN does not inhibit/induce CYP450 enzymes, so does not interfere w/ other Rx metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
(same MofA as erythromycin … 50S)
used to treat bacterial respiratory infections as well as CA-pneumonia
macrolide-resistant bacteria may be susceptible to TELITHROMYCIN, better activity against some Gram(+) cocci, less susceptible to efflux pumps
Tox: the potential to cause severe liver toxicity, TELITHRO- is an inhibitor of some CYP450 enzymes (drug intxns!) |
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Term
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Definition
ERYTHROMYCIN
CLARITHROMYCIN
AZITHROMYCIN
TELITHROMYCIN
Don't take them with milk!
Take them standing up with water
Bad choice for abscesses b/c don't distribute in CSF
MofA: 30S protein synthesis inhibitor, notorious for GI upset
Tox: GI upset, Liver toxicity
Increasing resistance |
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Term
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Definition
STREPTOMYCIN
TOBRAMYCIN
AMIKACIN
GENTAMICIN
All demonstrate poor oral absorption, so prefer to administer IV (2-3x daily)
Do not readily enter cells or penetrate eye or into CNS, so NOT used for CNS infection like meningitis
Used for severe systemic infections by Gram(-) bacteria like pneumonia or sepsis or UTI |
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Term
What is the MofA for the Aminoglycoside antibiotics?
And what are the adverse FX generally observed? |
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Definition
AMINOGLYCOSIDES ("STAG")
MofA: 30S Protein synthesis inhibitors - block initiation, cause ribosome/polysome to break down, cause misreading of mRNA code (mutant bacterial proteins)
"STAG" gets synergistic killing with cell wall inhibitors (so often used w/ penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin)
TOX: Ototoxicity, Auditory toxicity, Vestibular toxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Neuromuscular block
Kidney clearance, adjust dose for renal failure
Increasing resistance (e/x AMIKACIN = "big gun"), although in general, Aminoglycosides are somewhat interchangeable |
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Term
GENTAMICIN
(generic, Garamycin, Jenamicin) |
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Definition
AMINOGLYCOSIDE of first choice b/c co$t
MofA: 30S protein synthesis inhibitor
Use for serious Gram(-) infection, use for UTI (w/ penicillin), use for pneumonia (e.g. HA-pneumonia caused by Gram(-)), use for enterococcal endocarditis from Gram(+), use for sepsis, may be used for meningitis
Tox: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Vestibular toxicity (vertigo, ataxia) |
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Term
TOBRAMYCIN
(generic, Nebcin) |
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Definition
Aminoglycoside 30S protein synthesis inhibitor
Used to treat bacteremia, osteomyelitis, pneumonia caused by Pseud. aeruginosa (also in CFTR pt's)
Tox: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Vestibular toxicity (vertigo) |
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Term
AMIKACIN
(generic, Amikin) |
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Definition
30S protein synthesis inhibitor
AMIKACIN = "big gun" Aminoglycoside (spectrum, resistance) reserved for serious HA-acquired infections of Gram(-) aerobics (like K. pneumonia, Ps. Aeruginosa), also used for enterococcal infxn
Tox: Auditory toxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
30S protein synthesis inhibitor
Used to treat bacterial endocarditis in combination w/ cell wall synthesis inhibitor (Penicillin)
Also second-line for TB, also for plaqu (Y. pestsis, Tularemia)
Tox: incl. skin rashes, ototoxicity (vertigo)
Resistance due to bacterial enzymes |
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Term
| What biosynthetic pathway do the sulfonamides disrupt in bacteria? |
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Definition
Folic acid metabolism
Microorganisms require PABA to form dihydrofolic acid, which is required for nucleotide synthesis
Sulfonamides block PABA conversion early on in the pathway
Trimethoprim acts later on to block tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis
Ultimately, you see decreased DNA synthesis |
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Term
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
(Gantanol) |
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Definition
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE is an anti-folate sulfonamide
Orally absorbable
Used for UTI, otitis media (H. influenza), nocardiosis, carriers of meningococcus |
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Term
SULFASALZINE
(Azulfidine, Azulfidine EN-tabs) |
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Definition
Sulfonamide anti-folate drug
Travels to the colon, activated by NF
Used for ulcerative colitis
(& IBS?) |
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Term
SILVER SULFADIAZINE
topical cream
(SSD, SSD AF, Silvadene, Thermazene) |
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Definition
SILVER SULFADIAZINE is a derivative of sulfonamide anti-folate drugs, but appears not to affect folic acid synthesis, and rather acts on cell membrane/cell wall
Used as adjunct therapy for 2nd/3rd degree burns |
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Term
TRIMETHOPRIM
(generic, Primsol) |
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Definition
TRIMETHOPRIM is an anti-folate antibiotic drug
Active against Strep. Pneumonia and many Gram(-)
Used to treat UTIs caused by E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia, Enterobacter, etc.
Tox: Rash, pruritis, SJS, thrombocytopenia or anemia (esp. in folate-deficient alcoholics), teratogen (no pregnancy, nursing), can cause hyperkalemia |
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Term
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE + TRIMETHOPRIM
(generic, Bactrim, Septra, Co-Trimazole) |
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Definition
TMP-SMX is a sulfonamide combination product, anti-folate activity
TMP-SMX used for acute uncomplicated UTIs and also for chronic treatment of recurrent UTIs
TMP-SMX is also used to treat life-threatening pneumonia in AIDS patients caused by Pneum. Jiroveci (a fungi?)
Tox: Adverse FX seen in 80% AIDS pt's
Rash, fever, thrombocytopenia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, anemias (esp. in folate-deficient alcoholics) |
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Term
| What bacteria commonly cause UTIs and are Rx targets? |
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Definition
E. coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterobacter |
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Term
CIPROFLOXACIN
(Cipro, Cipro-IV) |
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Definition
| FLUROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTIC |
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Term
NITROFURANTOIN
(Furadantin, Macrodantin, Cyantin, Macrobid) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
POLYMYXIN B
(Aerosporin, Roerig) |
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Definition
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Term
METRONIDAZOLE
(generic, Flagyl) |
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Definition
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Term
BACITRACIN
(Bacitracin USP, Baci-IM) |
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Definition
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Term
QUINUPRISTIN/DALFOPRISTIN
(Synercid) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
AMPHOTERICIN B
(Amphotec, Ambisone, Abelcet) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
MICONAZOLE
(Monistat, Micatin) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
GRISEOFULVIN
(Grifulvin V) |
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Definition
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Term
NYSTATIN
(Mycostatin, Nystop) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
RIFAMPIN
(Rimactane, Rifadin) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
IMMUNE GLOBULIN
(Gamimune)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
GAMMA GLOBULIN (IgG, IgM)
is an antibody prep rich in antibodies against specific superficial viral antigents; it increases passive immunity and helps prevent attachment and penetration of viral particles into the host cell
administered IV, halflife = 2-3wks
used for measles, hepatitis (A & B), rabies, polio, etc. |
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Term
PALIVIZUMAB
(Synagis)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
PALIVIZUMAB (IgG1)
is a monoclonal anitbody prep which neutralizes the antigens of respiratory syncitial virus (RSV), preventing initial attachment and penetration, inhibiting pathogenesis in infants and children |
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Term
What is the difference between IMMUNE GLOBULIN (Gamimune) and the other types of IgG/IgM preparations:
VARICELLA-ZOSTER IMMUNE GLOBULIN?
HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN?
PAVLIVIZUMAB? |
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Definition
IMMUNE GLOBULIN is an antiviral agent used to increase passive immunity and prevent viral infection (attachment & penetration) and halt progression of a variety of viral disorders -- hepatitis A, measles, rabies, polio, etc.
VARICELLA-ZOSTER IMMUNE GLOBULIN is an antibody preparation used for varicella (chicken pox) and herpes zoster (shingles, zoster)
HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN is an antibody prep especially designed for hepatitis B
PAVLIVIZUMAB is an antibody prep used in infants at high risk for respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) |
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Term
| What two drugs are indicated for the treatment or prophylaxis of respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) & what is the structural difference between them? |
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Definition
PALIVIZMAB (Synagis) and RIBAVIRIN (Virazole) are both used to treat RSV viral infection
They differ in that PALIVIZUMAB is an antibody preparation of humanized monoclonal IgG1, while RIBAVIRIN is a purine nucleoside which inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis |
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Term
AMANTADINE
(Symmetrel)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
AMANTADINE
an antiviral agent
used to treat Influenza A
acts by blocking viral penetration and uncoating, inhibiting the release of infectious nucleic acids, by buffering the pH of endosomes & blocking the M2 viral protein channel, which is required for nucleocapsid release |
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Term
| Why are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase important for infection via the influenza virus? |
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Definition
Hemagglutinin is an antigenic viral protein responsible for the attachment of the virus at glycan/sialic acid "hooks" on cells and for the early penetration of the virus into the cell. Influenza viruses are classified into three types (A, B, and C) based on their type of hemagglutinin matrix protein antigens.
Neuraminidase is also a membrane protein, but it is responsible for cleaving the hemaglutinin-sialic acid linkage on the cell surface, so it is more important in the mobility and spread of the viral particle. This makes it a good target for Rx, because viruses lacking neuraminidase tend to aggregate/clump at the cell surface -- and not spread. |
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Term
ZANAMIVIR
(Relenza)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
ZANAMIVIR
is an antiviral agent
used to treat both types Influenza A & Influenza B
acts by inhibiting influenza virus neuraminidase, the membrane protein responsible for releasing the virus from infected cells, so neuraminidase inhibitors can be used in both influenza A & B to increase the formation of viral aggregates and decrease viral spread
...preparation is a dry powder, oral inhalation...
(same MofA as OSELTAMIVIR)
"-mivir" |
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Term
OSELTAMIVIR
(Tamiflu)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
OSELTAMIVIR
is an antiviral agent
used to treat both types Influenza A & Influenza B
acts by inhibiting influenza virus neuraminidase, the membrane protein responsible for releasing the virus from infected cells, so neuraminidase inhibitors can be used in both influenza A & B to increase the formation of viral aggregates and decrease viral spread
(same MofA as ZANAMIVIR)
"-mivir"
...major advantage/difference with Tamiflu/OSELTAMIVIR is it can be taken in pill form... |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
RIBAVIRIN
(Virazole)
Mechanism of Action & Uses |
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Definition
RIBAVIRIN
is an antiviral agent
used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young children, and to treat chronic hepatitis C infection in adults and children (combo w/ IFN-alfa-2a)
MofA: acts to inhibit viral RNA polymerase, since it is a purine nucleoside analog structurally similar to guanosine, it affects the cellular nucleotide pools
First, though, it must be converted/phosphorylated into its active form -- ribavirin-5'-triphosphate |
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Term
TRIFLURIDINE
(Viroptic)
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
TRIFULIRIDINE (VirOPTIC)
is a pyrimidine nucleoside antiviral agent
must be activated/phosphorylated before it is incorporated into the growing DNA strand
MofA: acts to cause nucleotide chain termination, inhibiting viral DNA synthesis (also mammalian) |
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Term
TRIFLURIDINE
(VirOPTIC)
Uses & Toxicities |
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Definition
TRIFLURIDINE (VirOPTIC)
is a nucleoside antiviral agent
used to treat ocular involvement (keratitis, corneal ulcers, keratoconjunctivitis) in the progression of herpes simplex virus infection; herpes simplex keratitis
Used topically in an opthalmic solution
Tox: sometimes causes burning, edema and visual haze;
under investigation as a teratogen |
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Term
| What antiviral drugs acts as nucleoside analogs to inhibit viral DNA synthesis by binding to the emerging chain and terminating elongation? |
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Definition
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors:
RIBAVIRIN (Virazole)
TRIFLURIDINE (Viroptic)
ACYCLOVIR (Zovirax)
GANCYCLOVIR SODIUM (Cytovene)
FOSCARNET (Foscavir)
(ALL undergo phosphorylation to active form)
also FAMCICLOVIR (Famvir) & VALACYCLOVIR (Valtrex), are pro-drugs with a similar mechanism of action to ACYCLOVIR |
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Term
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Definition
ACYCLOVIR (Zovirax)
is a nucleoside analog, DNA synthesis inhibitor
used to treat mucosal, cutaneous, and/or systemic herpes simplex virus infection
also genital herpes
also Varicella Zoster |
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Term
GANCICLOVIR
(Cytovene, Vitrasert) |
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Definition
anti-viral nucleoside analog similar to Acyclovir that suppresses chain elongation and inhibits replication (esp. in CMV)
Used for CMV infections (retinitis)
Tox: Granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, myelosuppression, teratogenic, carcinogenic |
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Term
FAMCICLOVIR
& VALACYCLOVIR |
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Definition
anti-viral agents similar to Acyclovir
interfering with viral DNA polymerase
used to treat acute herpes zoster (Shingles), and recurrent genital herpes |
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Term
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Definition
anti-viral agent that inhibitis viral DNA polymerase
Used for CMV infection in AIDS pt's (retinitis)
Administered IV
Tox: Renal |
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Term
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Definition
antiviral agent that is first-lline tx for Hepatitis B
nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (HIV)
Tox: GI, renal toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
antiviral agent that is first-lline tx for Hepatitis B
also inhibits reverese transcriptase (HIV)
Used alone or in combination (e.g. LAMIVUDINE + Abacavir, or LAMIVUDINE + Zidovudine) to treat Hepatitis B in HIV pt's
Tox: although it is less potent, does NOT cause peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
similar to Lamivudine
antiviral agent that is first-lline tx for Hepatitis B
among the best-tolerated nucleoside analogs that also inhibits reverse transcriptase (HIV)
Used to treat Hepatitis B flares in HIV pt's
Tox: Can cause hyperpigmentation of palms and soles |
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Term
INTERFERON alpha-2b
(Intron A) |
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Definition
anti-viral human interferon analog that inhibits viral protein synthesis and viral replication
used for warts, Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and may act as anticancer agent
Tox: (mild-moderate) flu, myalgia, anorexia, GI, hematological -penia's, hepatotoxicity, CV edema and hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
anti-viral nucleoside analog
inhibits reverse transcriptase (HIV)
used alone or in combination in treatment of HIV immunodeficiency (e.g. ZIDOVUDINE + Lamivudine, or ZIDOVUDINE + Lamivudine + Abacavir)
Tox: Significant anemia, bone marrow suppression, also CNS and GI |
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Term
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Definition
anti-viral nucleoside analog
inhibits reverse transcriptase (HIV)
used alone or in combination in treatment of HIV immunodeficiency (e.g. DIDANOSINE + Zidovudine, or DIDANOSINE + Stavudine, plus a protease inhibitor)
Tox: peripheral neuropathy, potentially fatal pancreatitis, GI |
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Term
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Definition
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
used alone or in combination (e.g. ABACAVIR + Lamivudine, or ABACAVIR + Zidovudine) to treat HIV
Tox: In some, severe hypersensitivity, rash, fever, malaise, respiratory, GI |
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Term
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Definition
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV)
used in combination with NRTIs (e.g. Zidovudine or Didanosine) to treat HIV
Tox: severe hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure (fatal), fever, nausea, headache, rash (most common early in tx) |
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Term
|
Definition
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV)
used alone or in combination (e.g. EFAVIRENZ + Emtricitabine + Tenofovir) to treat HIV
long half-life allows for 1x daily dose
Tox: dizziness, headache, insomnia, inability to concentrate, rash, neural tube defects (contra: pregnancy)
CYP450 metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
protease inhibitor (HIV)
used in combination with NRTIs (e.g. Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine) to prevent HIV maturation
Tox: GI is most common, also paresthesias, elevated liver enzymes
P450 metabolism |
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Term
INDINAVIR SULFATE
(Crixivan) |
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Definition
protease inhibitor (HIV)
used in combination with NRTIs (e.g. Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine) to treat HIV infection, prevent viral maturation
Tox: kidney stones are a big problem (nephrolithiasis) so drink with a lot of water, also dermatological alopechia or dry skin
P450 metabolism |
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Term
NELFINAVIR MESYLATE
(Viracept) |
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Definition
protease inhibitor (HIV)
used in combination with NRTIS (e.g. Zidovudine, Didanosine, Lamivudine) to treat HIV infection, prevent viral maturation
Tox: GI mainly |
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Term
LOPINAVIR/RITONAVIR
(Kaletra) |
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Definition
combination therapy for first-time treatment of HIV
protease inhibitors (e.g. LOPINAVIR or RITONAVIR or ATAZANVIR) are used in combination with 2 NRTIs |
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Term
ATAZANAVIR SULFATE
(Reyataz) |
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Definition
combination therapy for first-time treatment of HIV
protease inhibitors (e.g. LOPINAVIR or RITONAVIR or ATAZANVIR) are used in combination with 2 NRTIs |
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