Term
| which type of diabetes is ketosis prone |
|
Definition
type 1
-breakdown in mm./fat to produce ketone bodies as energy
-leads to kidney problems |
|
|
Term
| type of diabetes that involves an imbalanced supply and demand |
|
Definition
ype II
-body can't produce enough insulin for the high CHO |
|
|
Term
| pathway of insulin release...starting with glucose entry |
|
Definition
glucose entry
ATP produced
K channel closes
cell depolarizes (++++)
Ca ENTERS (more ++++)
Insulin released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin analog
very QUICK ONSET
used in abdominal pumps
used in insulin pumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin analog
slow absorption but
LONG DURATION
-SC injection lasts up to 36 hours |
|
|
Term
| insulin is usually taken ___ |
|
Definition
subcutaneously
occasionally IM |
|
|
Term
you should inc/dec your insulin with...
exercise
stress
pregnancy
infection
thyroid hormone
glucocorticoids
OC
thiazides, loop diruetics |
|
Definition
exercise- DECREASE
all others- INCREASE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulate release of insulin
block K+ channels, so Ca enters
-require functioning beta cells... |
|
|
Term
1st generation sulfonureas- suffix
2nd generation sulfonureas- prefix |
|
Definition
-amides (acetohex, chlorprop, tolaz, tolbut)
-Gli/Gly/Glip |
|
|
Term
| sulfonylureas should be avoided with which drug...risk of allergenicity |
|
Definition
celebrex/celecoxib
-HA
-nauseau
-vomiting
-flushed look |
|
|
Term
| a non-insulin releasing drug used for diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreases gluconeogenesis
sensitizes tissues to insulin
decreases GI absorption of CHO |
|
|
Term
| action of acarabose and miglitol |
|
Definition
block starch, oligo, disach breakdown
-GI related effects |
|
|
Term
| diabetic drug with increased risk of CV, heart attack, stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other types of insulin, and differences |
|
Definition
beef- 3 AA difference
pork- 1 AA difference
(can develop neutralizing Ab's though...) |
|
|
Term
sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release by...
2nd generations also: |
|
Definition
-block K+ channels, Ca enters
-sensitize mm. and fat tissues to insulin |
|
|
Term
| adverse effect of sulfonylureas |
|
Definition
1- hypoglycemia...more so with the 1st gen. drugs
2- disulfuram effect (with alcohol)
3- cross allergenicity with celebrex, thiazides
4- teratogenetic
5- protein albumin bound drugs... |
|
|
Term
| for patients with allergy to sulfonylureas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a rare but serious side effect of metformin |
|
Definition
lactic acidosis
(unsafe drop in blood pH) |
|
|
Term
| mild forms of diabetes treated with |
|
Definition
alpha-glucoidase inhibitors
-blocks breakdown of starches, oligo, disachs
GI side effects...much like metformin |
|
|
Term
| thyroid hormones T3 + T4 have what affect on autonomic system |
|
Definition
permissive effect
-allow to function well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drive calcium into bone, when calcium levels high
(calcitonin salmon used in osteoporosis) |
|
|
Term
drugs which inhibit iodine pump (puts I- into thyroid)
used in hyperthyroidism (not much anymore) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of cyanide poisoning |
|
Definition
nitrates to produce intentional methemoglobinemia
binds cyanate ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
potassium iodide solution
-given prior to thyroidectomy, to tell thyroid to stop making T3, T4 since it can leak out during surgery |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
fluid retention
bradycardia
lower CO
increased weight
feel cold
lose hair |
|
|
Term
| hypothyroidism early in life |
|
Definition
cretinism
-non-reversable if not picked up in time |
|
|
Term
synthetic T3
synthetic T4
synthetic T3 AND T4 |
|
Definition
Liothyronine
Levothyroxine (Synthyroid) **used most often
Liotrix |
|
|
Term
| drugs that interfere with coupling reaction in TH synthesis |
|
Definition
methimazol
propylthiouracil PTU |
|
|
Term
| inhibits osteoclasts, lowers blood calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug which induces metabolism of thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
phenobarb
-can be used to lower hormone levels |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone action |
|
Definition
stimulated reabsorption of Ca in kidney
=increased Ca blood levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zolendronic acid
pamidronate
zolendronate |
|
|
Term
| main treatment for IV bisphopsphonates |
|
Definition
bone cancers
-decreases angiogenesis
(Aredia, Zometa)
-every 3 weeks, infusion given |
|
|
Term
| side effect of PO bisphosphs.. |
|
Definition
| esophogeal erosion, cancer |
|
|
Term
| incidence of ONJ with biphos drugs |
|
Definition
low in PO (1 in 1,000 to 2,000)
high in IV (1 in 10) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diabetes
corticosteroids
biphos IV
extractions |
|
|
Term
| sex hormones secreted by ovary |
|
Definition
| estrogen (3 types) and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| pituitary release factors |
|
Definition
LH AND FSH
(stimulate ovaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
providing excess estrogen
inhibits ovulation- FSH/LH blocked |
|
|
Term
| 2 semisynthetic estrogens used in OC |
|
Definition
ethinyl estrogen
mestranol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- inhibit sperm motility
2- endometrium unsuitable for implantation
3- inhibit ovulation (NOT AS GOOD AS ESTROGEN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mestranol (synthetic estrogen)
nortethindrone (a progestin)
combo drug w/ 99% effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| most critical side effect of a combo OC pill |
|
Definition
thromboembolitic disease
(goes from 1 to 3 in 1000)
-due to high estrogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large thrombi form in unwanted places
higher in women 35+, smokers
estrogens can block action of Antithrombin III
--> create clots |
|
|
Term
| older morning after pill, side effect |
|
Definition
DES diethyl stibesterol
-teratogenic if already pregnant
-prevented labor
-clear cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high dose combo drug
ex: ethinyl estradiol and norgestrol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone replacement therapy risks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 glucocorticoids with no mineralcorticoid action |
|
Definition
dexamethasone
betamethasone
prednisolone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-immunosuppression (prone to infection)
-eye problems (cataracts, raise IOP)
-osteoporosis with chronic use
-catabolic on mm.
-water/Na retention |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids and diabetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
state of low circulating glucocorticoids
-HYPOGLYCEMIA
-HEART FAILURE
-HYPOTENSION |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoid action in asthma |
|
Definition
block phospholipase a
less leukotriene produced
decrease migration of inflammatory mediators
enhance B2 receptor response (dilation) |
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