Term
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Definition
| Used to treat/prevent infections caused by pathogens. |
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Term
| When do you need an antimicrobial? |
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Definition
Necessary when host defense mechanisms are inadequate to wardoff infection.
Your own body's normal flora |
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Term
| Microorganisms attach to host cell receptors and then do what 3 things? |
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Definition
Invade tissues
multipy
produce infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria can have a positive or negative reaction on a ____ stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasites that survive only in living tissues are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plant like organisms that live like parasites on livng organisms are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci andHaemophilus influenzae are all part of our bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
Organisms that are normal in one part of the body may be pathogenic in another area of the body is part of the ____?
Ex; E.Coli normal in intestince can cause UTI. |
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Definition
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Term
T/F?
Clostridia difficile is the most serious cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ protects the human host and interferes with potential pathogens to establish residence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 big populations can occur when the normal flora is suppressed/destroyed by antimicrobial drugs candida albicans(normal flora)? |
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Definition
opportunistic patogens
Elderly debilitated or immunosuppressed. |
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Term
| What is a Community acquired infections? |
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Definition
Pt. is admitted with infection (or within 2-3 days of admission)
Usually less severe and easier to treat. |
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Term
| What is a Nosocomial infection? |
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Definition
Hospital acquired(got it in the hospital).
More severe
Often result from drug resistant microoganisms. |
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Term
Bacteria resistant to antibiotics, they grow & multiply when normal flora is suppressed/impaired.
When impaired, space & nutrients become available & occupy the space.
The resistant organism becomes predominant strain & become resistant to antibiotics.
This is called? |
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Definition
| Antibiotic resistant microorganism |
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Term
| When a resistant organism has cross resistance develops of similar antibotics or from overuse (don't take it all) and bacteria mutates(harder to treat)this is called |
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Definition
| Antibiotic resistant microorganism |
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Term
| Anti-infective & Antimicrobial includes what three drugs? |
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Definition
| Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal |
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Term
| Antibacterial & Antibiotics treat what type of infections? |
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Definition
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Term
Antibacterial & Antibiotics
Broad spectrum drugs are effective against _____ groups of pathogens/microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
Antibacterial & Antibiotics
Narrow spectrum drugs are effective against _____ groups of pathogens/microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
Antibacterial & Antibiotics
Bacterial kills the microorganisms and used in _____ infections in pts that are _____? |
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Definition
| serious / immunosuppressed |
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Term
Antibacterial & Antibiotics
Bacteriostatic _____ growth of microrganisms like using antibacterial hand sanitizers. |
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Definition
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Term
Antimicrobials
Mechanisms of Actions
Antimicrobial drugs act on specific target in the organism.
These inhibit what five areas? |
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Definition
bacterial cell wall synthesis(interfers w/ cell wall, contents leak out. penicillians/cephalosporines/
vancomycin)
protein synthesis (aminoglycosides/clindamycin/
tetracyclines)
disruption of cell membranes (antifungals)
organism reproduction(can't reproduce or grow-Fluoroquinolones)
cell metabolism (Sulfanamides) |
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Term
Antimicrobials
Indication for Use |
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Definition
Pt. is started on antimicrobials to effect most likely causative agent.
Once organism is identified more specific therapy is implented.
Prophylactic therapy to prevent infection
(Ex;valve problems in heart need to be on)
Rheumatic heart disease
Endocarditis
Preop/postop
UTI
1 hour before knife time |
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Term
Antimicrobials
Drug selection
Empiric Therapy |
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Definition
Lab test can take up to 72 hours to determine susceptibility.
Estimate of most likely pathogen.
Ususally broad spectrum is chosen. |
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Term
Antimicrobials
Drug selection
Culture & Sensitivity |
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Definition
Culture identifies organism.
Susceptibility determines which drugs are likely to be effective.
"Match the drug to the bug"
MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration)
lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents visible growth. |
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Term
Antimicrobials
Drug dosage |
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Definition
Individualized to organism
patients size
severity of infection
ability to excrete medication renal/liver impairment
given p.o or i.v. |
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Term
Antimicrobials
Duration of therapy
What is the dose and number of days? |
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Definition
single doese to long term usually 7-10 days.
endro 6-8 weeks. |
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Term
Antimicrobials/special population
Preop |
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Definition
prevent infections
given w/in 1 hour of incision |
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Term
Antimicrobials/special populations
Renal impairment |
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Definition
Excreted primarily by kidneys(toxic effects).
Some antimicrobials are nephrotoxic |
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Term
Antimicrobials/special populations
Peak & Trough |
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Definition
Lab test around antibiotic.
Peak-highest concentration (drawn when drug concentration is peaking).
Draw blood before give antibotic
Trough monitoring therapeutic levels (usually prior to next dose)
Draw blood after antibotic to see how body is getting rid of antibotic. |
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Term
Antimicrobials/special populations
Hepatic impairment |
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Definition
Some drugs metbolized by the liver
Monitor liver enzymes (elevated)
Jaundice=red flag |
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Term
Antimicrobials/special populations
Home care |
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Definition
| IV antimicrobials at home |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks synthesis of components necessary for cell metabolism & growth |
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Term
| Penicillins, cephalosporins, & vancomycins |
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Definition
| inhibit formation of cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit DNA gyrase, an enzyme required for reproduction |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides, macrolides, ketolides, tetracyclines, linezolid, & quinupristin/dalfopristin |
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Definition
| bind to ribosomes and inhibit production of essential proteins |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Tetracyclines? |
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Definition
•Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis at the level of the 30S bacterial ribosome.
Therapeutic Effects: Bacteriostatic action against susceptible bacteria.
•Spectrum: Includes activity against some gram-positive pathogens:: Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Listeria monocytogenes, Nocardia, Propionibacterium acnes, Actinomyces israelii. Active against some gram-negative pathogens:: Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Yersinia entercolitica, Yersinia pestis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis. Also active against several other pathogens, including:: Mycoplasma, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, B. burgdorferi. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Macrolides & Ketolides? |
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Definition
| Enter microbial cells and reversibly bind to the 50S subunit or ribosomes, inhibiting microbial protein synthesis. |
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Term
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Transmission |
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Definition
–Uninfected person inhales airborne particles that exhaled by infected person
•Infection depends upon number of bacteria expelled, closeness and duration of contact. |
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Term
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Primary infection |
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Definition
–30% of people exposed become infected
•Many times undiagnosed
•6-8 weeks post exposure (positive reaction to TB skin test)
•Becomes encapsulated |
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Term
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) |
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Definition
•Immune system able to stop bacterial growth
•Becomes inactive although remains alive in the body and can become active later.
•Can become active later |
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Term
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Actve tuberculosis |
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Definition
| •Can come from reactivation or new infections |
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Term
Active Tuberculosis Treatment
Adequate drug therapy produces an improvement within how many weeks and what four signs & symptoms? |
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Definition
oAdequate drug therapy produces
2–3 weeks
•Decreased fever and cough
•Weight gain
•Improved well-being |
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Term
Active Tuberculosis Treatment
-If patient is symptomatic or has (+) culture after __ months this is due to what two reasons? |
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Definition
3 months
• Noncompliance?
• Drug-resistant organism? |
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Term
Active Tuberculosis Treatment
Treatment continues at least or how many months, and how many months after cultures become (-)? |
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Definition
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Term
Active Tuberculosis Treatment
What is the time frame that a sputum culture is usually negative? |
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Definition
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Term
Action of Antibacterial Drugs
In special populations
Preop |
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Definition
Prevent infections
Usually given within 1 hour of inciion |
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Term
Action of Antibacterial Drugs
In special populations |
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Definition
Excreted primarily by kidneys (toxic effect)
Some antimicrobials are nephrotoxic |
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Term
Action of Antibacterial Drugs
Culture & Sensitivity studies |
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Definition
-Culture identifies organism
-Susceptibility determines which drugs are likely to be effective.
"match the drug to the bug" |
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