Term
| Vitamins are required for normal body ____, ____ and ____? |
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Definition
| metabolism, growth, development |
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Term
| Vitamins are components of enzyme system that release energy from ingested ____, ____, ____? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, fats |
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Term
| Vitamins are required for formation of? |
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Definition
| RBCs, nerve cells, hormones, genetic material, bone and other tissues |
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Term
| Minerals and Electrolytes are essential constituents of? |
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Definition
| bone, teeth, cell membranes, connective tissues, many essential enzymes. |
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Term
| Minerals and Electrolytes maintain? |
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Definition
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Maintain osmotic pressure, nerve and muscle function; assist in diffusion. |
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Term
| Minerals and Electrolytes influences? |
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Definition
| Influence growth process. |
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Term
Nutritional Deficiency States
Signs and symptoms: |
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Definition
unintended weight loss
increased susceptibility to infection
weakness and fatigue
impaired wound healing
Edema
decreased hemoglobin,
impaired growth/development in children |
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Term
Nutritional Deficiency States
Inability to ingest, digest, absorb, or use sufficient nutrients |
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Definition
Debilitating illnesses
Therapeutic medications |
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Term
Nutritional Products
Supplement or substitute for dietary intake include? |
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Definition
Liquid enteral formulas (tube feeding)
IV fluids
Pancreatic enzymes
Vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| Vitamin Supplement Characteristics |
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Definition
-Same physiologic effects as those obtained from foods
-Do not require prescription
-Vary widely in number, type, amount of specific ingredients
-Synthetic vitamins have same structure and function as those from plant and animal sources
-Often marketed in combinations
-Fat soluble vitamins A D E & K
-Water soluble vitamins B complex & C |
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Term
| Fat soluble vitamins are? |
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Definition
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Term
| -Water soluble vitamins are? |
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Definition
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Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol) |
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Definition
Required for normal growth, vision, bone
Food source: meat, egg yolks, whole milk |
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Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin D |
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Definition
Increase absorption of calcium
Food source: Milk, breads fortified with Vitamin D |
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Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin E |
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Definition
Antioxidant
Food Source: Cereals, milk fat |
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Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin K (Phytonadione (Mephyton) |
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Definition
Normal blood clotting
Food Source: Green leafy vegetables |
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Term
Water soluble vitamins
B Complex |
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Definition
B Complex
B 12, Folic acid, Niacin B 3, B 5, B 6, B 2, B 1
Normal metabolism of all body cells (RBC’s, nerve cells and growth)
Food source: meat, egg yolks, cereals, fish, cheese, beans, poultry, broccoli, potatoes |
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Term
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin C |
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Definition
Vitamin C
Formation of skin, ligaments, bone, teeth, wound healing & resistance to infection
Food source: fruits (esp. citrus) , vegetables |
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Term
| Mineral–Electrolytes considered necessary for human nutrition and has ___ minerals |
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Definition
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Term
Mineral–Electrolytes
Some required in relatively large amounts |
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Definition
| Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium & chlorine |
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Term
Mineral–Electrolytes
Trace elements |
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Definition
Minerals required in small amounts
Cobalt, chromium, copper, zinc |
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Term
| Mineral–Electrolytes are obtained from ____ or ____? |
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Definition
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Term
Mineral–Electrolytes
Conditions that increase requirements |
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Definition
Pregnancy
Lactation
Various illnesses
Drug–drug interactions
Potassium supplement with diuretic therapy |
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Term
| Macro Minerals consist of what for elements? |
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Definition
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Sodium
Osmotic pressure & water balance
Food source: table salt, cereals |
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Term
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Definition
Conduction of impulses and contraction of muscles
Helps transport glucose into cells
Food source: whole grains, fruits, bananas |
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Term
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Definition
Required for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
Food sources: nuts, cereal grains, seafood |
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Term
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Definition
Osmotic pressure
Food source: foods high in sodium |
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Term
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Definition
-Oral administration is preferred
-Vitamin–mineral deficiencies
-Require larger dose for treatment than for prevention
-Caution required in treating deficient states
-Can become toxic at high doses |
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Term
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Definition
-Requires functional GI tract
-Used when one cannot ingest enough food and fluid
-May use high-protein, high-calorie foods
-May use nutritionally complete supplements
-Can be given with meals, between meals, and at bedtime |
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Term
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Definition
May be continuous (into small bowel via pump)
Water can be given with, before, after, or between regular feedings with medications
According to fluid needs |
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Term
Managing Vitamin Disorders
Vitamin A disorders |
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Definition
| Blindness (night blindness) |
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Term
Managing Vitamin Disorders
Vitamin K disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Managing Vitamin Disorders
B-complex disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Managing Vitamin Disorders
Vitamin C disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Managing Mineral–Electrolyte Disorders
Potassium disorders |
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia & hypokalemia |
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Term
Managing Mineral–Electrolyte Disorders
Magnesium disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Managing Mineral–Electrolyte Disorders
Iron deficiency anemia |
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Definition
Iron deficiency and excess
Iron excess |
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Term
| Common Drugs to Treat Mineral-Electrolyte Disorders |
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Definition
Sodium polystyrene sulfanate (Kayexalate)
Treatment of hyperkalemia
Resin combines with potassium in colon and is excreted in feces |
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Term
Common Drugs to Treat Mineral-Electrolyte Disorders
Deferasiron (Exjade) |
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Definition
Chronic iron overload
Reabsorbed in intesting and excreted in feces.
Ferrous gluconate (Fergon)
Ferrous sulfate (Feosol)
Iron preparations for anemia |
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Term
Common Drugs to Treat Mineral-Electrolyte Disorders
Magnesium Preparation |
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Definition
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium sulfate
Prevent or treat hypomagnesemia or convulsions associated with pregnancy |
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Term
Common Drugs to Treat Mineral-Electrolyte Disorders
Potassium chloride (KCl) |
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Definition
Potassium Preparation
Hypokalemia |
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Term
Common Drugs to Treat Mineral-Electrolyte Disorders
Sodium Preparation |
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Definition
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