Term
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Definition
Medications that antagonize the action of histamine
Histamine
-First chemical mediator in immune and inflammatory response
-Synthesized and stored in most body tissues
-Concentrated in environmentally exposed tissues: Eyes, nose, lungs, GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in CNS
-Discharged from mast cells and basophils in response to particular stimuli
-Binds with histamine receptors on target organs
-Producing reactions specific to the muscle groups involved |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity & Allergic Reactions |
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Definition
-Exaggerated responses by the immune system that produce tissue injury and may cause serious disease
-Mechanism essentially identical to those of natural immunity
Result from
-Specific antibodies against the allergen
-Sensitized T lymphocytes
-Or both |
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Term
| Types of Responses to Cell-Mediated Invasion |
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Definition
Grouped according to producing mechanisms
-Types I, II, III: Antibody molecules
-Type IV: Antigen-specific T cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Anaphylaxis
-Occurs on 2nd exposure to antigen
May be mild or severe to life threating.
Mild
urticaria, dermatologic manifestations, rhinitis
Severe
respiratory disorders, cardiovascular collapse |
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Term
Types of responses
Type II |
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Definition
Blood transfusion reactions
Hemolytic disease of newborns, hemolytic anemia |
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Term
Types of responses
Type III |
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Definition
-Forms antigen–antibody complexes acute inflammatory reaction in tissue
-Serum sickness
-Usually caused by medications |
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Term
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Definition
(AKA, delayed hypersensitivity)
-Cell-mediated response
-Sensitized T lymphocytes react with antigen to cause inflammation
-Tuberculin test
-Contact dermatitis
-Graft rejection |
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Term
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Definition
-Inflammation of nasal mucosa caused by type I reaction to inhaled allergens
Symptoms
-Nasal congestion
-Itching, sneezing
-Watery drainage
-Itching of throat, eyes, ears common |
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Term
Allergic rhinitis
What are the two types? |
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Definition
Seasonal disease (AKA, hay fever)
-Response to airborne pollens
Perennial disease
-Response to non-seasonal allergens
-Animal dander |
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Term
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Definition
-Immune response to ingestion of a protein
-Shellfish, fish, corn, seeds, bananas, egg, milk, soy, peanut, tree nuts
-Higher risk of triggering anaphylaxis
-Children allergic to milk, eggs, wheat, soy
-May outgrow their allergy
-No known preventative |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms
Nasal congestion
Itching, sneezing
Watery drainage
Itching of throat, eyes, ears common |
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Term
Allergic rhinitis
Seasonal disease is also called and is a response to? |
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Definition
(AKA, hay fever)
airborne pollens |
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Term
Allergic rhinitis
Perennial disease is a response to? |
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Definition
non-seasonal allergens
Dust mites, molds
Animal dander |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of antihistamines and the side effects? |
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Definition
Several classes
H1 receptor antagonists
-Prevent/reduce most physiologic effects that histamine produces at receptor sites
-Inhibit smooth muscle constriction in blood vessels, respiratory, GI tract
-Decrease capillary permeability
-Decrease salivation and tear formation
S/E
Drowsiness, sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision |
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Term
| Antihistamines relieve symptoms but do not relieve ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antihistamines relieve symptoms name them? |
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Definition
-Allergic rhinitis
-Anaphylaxis
-Allergic conjunctivitis
-Drug allergies
Pseudoallergies
-Not an antigen-antibody reaction
-Can happen on first exposure
-Contrast media
-Blood/blood product transfusion
-Dermatologic conditions, etc. |
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Term
| Patient teaching guidelines for antishistamines? |
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Definition
-Do not take more than 1 antihistamine at a time
-Use sunscreens
-Report excessive drowsiness
-Take only as prescribed or instructed
-Usually taken with meals |
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Term
| ____ are drugs that antagonize the action of histamine |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the first chemical mediator to be released in immune and inflammatory responses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Histamine is discharged from ___ ___ and basophils in response to certain stimuli (allergic reaction, cellular injury & extreme cold) |
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Definition
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Term
| The prototype of first generation antihistamines is ____? |
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Definition
| diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
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Term
| Strong CNS depressants causing extensive drowiness are ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Second generation H 1 antagonist are? |
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Definition
cetirizine (Zertec)
Loratadine (Claritin) |
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Term
| First generation H 1 antagonist are? |
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Definition
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
chlorpeniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
promethazine (Phenergen) |
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Term
| The only antihistamine formulated as a nasal spray for topical use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Second generation H 1 antagonists cause less CNS depression because they are selective for peripheral H1 receptors and because of which other property? |
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Definition
| They do not cross the blood brain barrier. |
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