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Pharm ch.7 penicillins (Galen final)
Pharm ch.7 penicillins (Galen final)
32
Pharmacology
Not Applicable
01/02/2012

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Term
Penicillins
Definition
Important and effective group antibiotics for the treatment of susceptible pathogens
Term
Natural penicillin
Definition
Discovered in 1928 be sir Arthur Fleming while doing research in influenza
Term
Actions penicillins inhibit
Definition
-cell wall synthesis
-DNA or RNA synthesis
-protein synthesis
Term
Four groups of penicillins
Definition
Natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, extended-spectrum
Term
Natural penicillins
Definition
-first large scale antibiotics used to combat infections
-bc they have been used for many years drug resistant strains of microorganisms have developed making natural penicillin less effective
Term
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Definition
Bacterial resistance is the ability of certain bacteria to produce penicillinase, an enzyme that inactivates penicillin. These drugs were developed to combat this problem
Term
Aminopenicillins
Definition
-result of chemical treatment of a biological precursor to penicillin
-bc of their chemical modification they are slowly excreted by the kidneys 
-wider spectrum of antibacterial activity
Term
Penicillin-beta-lactamase
Definition
-type of penicillin with a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity
-when used alone have lil anti microbial activity
-when combined with certain penicillins they extend the spectrum of the penicillins antibacterial activity
Term
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Definition
-clavulanic acid
-sulbactam
-tazobactam
Term
Combinations of penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors
Definition
Augmentin
Timentin
Unasyn
Zosyn
Term
Extended-spectrum penicillins
Definition
-effective against an even wider range of bacteria than the broad-spectrum penicillins
-these penicillins are used to destroy bacteria such as Pseudomonas
Term
Uses
Definition
UTI
Septicemia
Meningitis
Intra-abdominal infections
Syphilis
Pneumonia 
Other respiratory infections
Term
Penicillins
Definition
-Can not treat viral or fungal infections 
-taken several hrs or days before surgery, dental, oral or upper respiratory tract procedures
Term
Prophylaxis
Definition
-prevention against a secondary bacterial infection that can occur in pt with viral infections
Term
Adverse reactions
Definition
Glossitis
Stomatitis 
Gastritis
NVD
Phlebitis
Term
Hypersensitivity reactions
Definition
-skin rash, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotension
-anaphylactic shock (usually after parenteral administration) immediate and severe
Term
Superinfections
Definition
-Develop rapidly and serious 
-older Pts who are debilitated, chronically ill, or taking penicillin for an extended period are more likely to develope
Term
Bacterial superinfections
Definition
Seen with administration of oral penicillin sand occur in the bowel
Term
Symptoms of bacterial superinfections
Definition
D, bloody D, rectal bleeding, fever, abdominal cramping
Term
Pseudomembranous colitis
Definition
-Commonly occurring bacterial superinfection
-may occur after 4-9 days of treatment or as long as 6 weeks after the drug is discontinued
Term
Clostridium difficile
Definition
-Organism that produces a toxin that effects the lining of the colon
-requires immediate discontinuation of antibiotic
-moderate to severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids, protein supplementations, and oral vancomycin
Term
Fungal superinfection
Definition
Candidiasis or moniliasis
Term
Hematopoietic changes
Definition
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia 
Leukopenia
Bone marrow depression
Term
Contraindications
Definition
-with Pts with a history of hypersensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporins
Term
Used cautiously
Definition
Pts with renal disease, asthma, bleeding disorders, GI disease
Term
Interactions
Definition
-oral contraceptives: decrease effect of contraceptive
-tetracycline:decreased effect of penicillin
-anticoagulant:increased bleeding 
-beta-adrenergic blocking drugs:increased risk for anaphylactic shock
Term
Goldenseal
Definition
-found particularly in ohio river valley
-used to wash inflamed or infected eyes and making yellow dye, antiseptic for skin, mouthwash for canker sores
-19th century was known as "herbal antibiotic" for treating gonorrhea and UTI
-Indian tribes used it as insect repellent, stimulant, diuretic
-should not be taken for more than a few days to 1week
Term
Pre assessment
Definition
-health history
-allergy history
-current symptoms of infection
-vital signs
-asses infected area
-check c&s
-record color and drainage if any
Term
Ongoing assessment
Definition
-evaluate pt daily for response to therapy
-urinalysis
-CBC
-renal and hepatic function
Term
Nursing diagnosis
Definition
-impaired skin integrity
-risk for ineffective respiratory function
-diarrhea
-impaired oral mucous membranes
-impaired comfort:increased fever
Term
After administering penicillin IM. How long should the nurse ask the pt to wait on the waiting area?
Definition
30 mins
Bc anaphylactic reactions occur within 30 mins
Term
Education
Definition
-take drug as prescribed
-oral: take on empty stomach
-take with 8oz of water
-oral suspensions:keep in fridge, shake well, discard after 7-14 days
-to reduce risk of superinfection take with yogurt, buttermilk, or acidophilus
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