Term
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Definition
| Vasoconstriction, decrease glandular secretion, constriction of radial muscle, decreased motility |
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Term
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Definition
| Arterioles, veins, glands eye, intestine, myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS post and postsynaptic terminals, B islet cells in the pancreas, larger vessels, skin, mucosa, kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased sympathetic outflow from brain, decreased NE release, decreased islet cell secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart: Myocardial tissue and conduction system |
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Term
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Definition
| > Heart rate, > contractility > conduction velocity > automaticity |
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Term
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Definition
| Trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, uterus, arterioles (not brain and skin), veins vascular smooth muscle, liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Tracheal/bronchial relaxation, uterine relaxation, circulatory dilation. |
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Term
| M1 Receptor Location (Muscarinic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heart lung stomach bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Incrase acid/pepsin secretion, stimulate ganglia, facilitate neurotransmission. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slows heart rate, decreases contractility and conduction velocity. Causes bronchoconstriction, increases secretions, increases GI motility. Relaxes sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increases glandular secretions. In the eye, causes miosis (constriction) and accommodation. |
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Term
| Phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, terazosin |
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Definition
Peripheral receptor blockade
Adrenergic
a1 blocker (sympatholitic) |
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Term
| Propranolol, timolol, metoprolol, esmolol, atenolol, betaxolol |
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Definition
Peripheral receptor blockade
Adrenergic
Beta adrenergic blockers. (At high doses, B1 selectivity can be lost and some B2 effects can be seen. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscarinic blocker (cholinergic). Produces Mydriasis (dilation), and cycloplegia, good for examining retina. Amblyopia, treat anterior uveitis, decrease secretions pre operatively, treat GI spasms, symptomatic bradycardia, pulseless electrical activity in heart, organophosphate poisoning.
ADE: excessive mydriasis/cycloplegia, facial flushing, xerostomia, confusion, urinary retention, tachycardia, contraindicated narrow-angle glaucoma. |
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Term
| Atracurium, vecuronium, mecamylamine |
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Definition
| Nicotinic blocker. (cholinergic) |
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Term
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Definition
Cholinergic stimulant
Nicotine |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholinergic blocking agent |
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Term
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Definition
Parasympathomimetic
Tx: Open angle glaucoma. Causes miosis (constriction) and changes aqueous outflow. ADE: irritation/conjunctivitis, burning, ciliary spasm, lacrimation.
Bad for: parkinsons patients, asthma, PUD, hyperthyroidism, abnormal blood pressure, epilepsy, tachycardia. 1-2 drops 6x a day |
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Term
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Definition
Parasympathomimetic
surgical miotic agent (constriction). For open angled glaucoma. Lowers pressure. 1-2 drops 3x a day. ADE: irritation/conjunctivitis/ burning, viliary spam, lacrimation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Parasympathomimetic
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Used for myasthenia gravis and reversal of non depolarizing muscle relaxants. PO IM IV dosage forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscarinic blocker. Produces cycloplegia and mydriasis (dilation). Used to prevent N/V associated with potential ADEs: xerostomia, confusion, increased body temp, facial flusing, urinary retention, tachycardia, contraindicated in narrow-angle glaucoma. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscarinic blocker. Used as a cycloplegic mydriatic agent (refraction). Tx of acute inflammatory conditions of uveal tract.
ADE: Blurred vision, photophobia, local irritation, increased IOP. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Sympathomimetic) A1 stimulant. Mydriasis but not cycloplegia. Relieves redness of eye. !!Don't use within 21 days of an MOA inhibitor.
ADE: Increased bloodp ressure, headache, dizziness. |
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Term
|
Definition
Use: Hyperthyroidism
ADE: Fever, blood dyscrasias, skin rash/itch, arthralgia, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, loss of taste, N/V, stomach pain, renal and hepatic complications. |
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Term
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Definition
Tx: Hyperthyroidism.
ADE: Fever, blood dyscrasias, skin rash/itch, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, loss of taste, N/V,. stomach pain, renal * hepatic complications |
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Term
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Definition
***DRUG OF CHOICE***
Tx: Hypothyroidism
ADE: (dose related) Chest pain, diarrhea, leg cramps, appetite change, fast heart rate, remor, headache, irritability, insomnia, sensitivity to heat.
Admin: SLow increase in dosage helps prevent adverse effects.
**Can take a while to work.. (months) |
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Term
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Definition
Hormone that controls storage & metabolism of carbs/protein/fat. Substitute for insulin in type1 patients.
USES: Type-1 diabetes mellitus / possibly type 2.
ADE: Hypoglycemia
Drug interactions: beta adrenergic blocking agents **Ophthalmic formulations(can modify carb metabolism and lead to hyperglycemia. Corticosteroids (antagonize insulin effects). |
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Term
|
Definition
Rapid-Acting insulin.
Onset: 5-10 minutes
Peak: 1-3 hours.
Duration: 3-5 hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rapid-Acting insulin
Onset:15 mins.
Peak: 05.-1.5 hours.
Duration. 4-5 hours |
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Term
|
Definition
Rapid-acting insulin.
Onset:10-15 mins.
Peak: 55 mins.
Duration: Shorter than regular insulin. (3-5 hours). |
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Term
|
Definition
Intermediate Acting insulin
Onset: 1-2 Hours
Peak: 6-14 hours
Duration:18-24 Hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
Long acting insulin.
Onset: Slow release over 24 hours.
Peak: None
Duration: 24 hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
Long-acting Insulin. (like pancreas)
Onset: Slow release over 24 hours.
Peak 6-8 hours.
Duration: 12 -24 hours depending on the dose per pt weight. |
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Term
|
Definition
Medication for diabetes (Type 2)
Action: Sulfonylurea agent. Stimulates acute release of insulin from function beta cells. May increase insulin sensitivity in target cells.
ADE: Hypoglycemia
Comments: Ocular side effects!! Blurred vision and changes in accommodation. |
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Term
|
Definition
Medication for diabetes (Type-2)
Action: Sulfonylurea agent. Stimulates acute release of insulin from functional beta cells. May increase insulin sensitivity in target cells.
ADE: Hypoglycemia, wt. gain, hepatic and renal comlications, blood dyscrasias, GI disturbances, headache, increased cardiac risk in those with CV disease.
Comments: !! Ocular side effects: Blurred vision and changes in accommodation. |
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Term
|
Definition
Medications for Diabetes (Type-2)
Action: Sulfonylurea agent. Stimulates acute release of insulin from functional beta cells. May increase insulin sensitivity in target cells.
ADE: Hypoglycemia
Comments: !! Blurred vision & changes in accommodation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Medication for diabetes (Type-2) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Medication for diabetes (Type 2) |
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Term
|
Definition
**IMPORTANT DRUG TO KNOW**
Medication for diabetes (Type 2)
Action: Potentiates the effect of endogenous insulin. May work by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
ADE: N/V/D, flatulence, rash, weakness,headache, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, myalgia, blood dyscrasias, chest discomfort.
Admin:Caution with other drugs that lower blood glucose. Risk of hypoglycemia
Comments: Renal function should be monitored. The drug may be discontinued in renal dysfunction. Medication is held before surgeries and use of contrast media. |
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Term
|
Definition
Medications for diabetes (Type 2)
ADE: Caution with patients with edema, or heart failure b/c of fluid retention. Avoid in hepatic impairment. Can cause edema, wt gain, induce CHF tooth disorders, headache, myalgia, sinusitis, anemia.
Comments: !! rare reports of decreased visual acuity, macular edema. |
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Term
|
Definition
Medications for diabetes (Type 2)
ADE: Caution in patients with edema or heart failure. Liver function should be monitored.
Can cause Edema, wt. gain, induce CHF, tooth disorders, headache, myalgia, sinusitis, anemia.
Comments: !! Decreased Visual acuity and macular edema have been reported. |
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Term
|
Definition
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes Tx.
ADE: Upper respiratory tract infections, sore throat, diarrhea, N/V, pancreatitis, hypoglycemia, weight gain, headache, rash etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
***DRUG OF CHOICE***
REspiratory Med: Asthma COPD, emphysema
Action: B2 adrenergic receptor agonist causes bronchodilation.
ADE: Vasodilation, tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, CNS stimulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory Med: Asthma, COPD, emphysema
Action: B2 adrenergic receptor agonist causes bronchodilation.
ADE:Basodilation, tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, CNS stim. Can cause atrial fibrillation if used too often in elderly. |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory Meds: ASthma, COPD, emphysema.
Action: B2 adrenergic receptor agonist causes bronchodilation.
ADE: Basodilation, tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, CNS stimulation.
Admin: INH form only (lasts 4-6 hours) |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory MEd: Bronchospam associated with COPD in adults, maintenance use.
ADE: Cough, dry mouth and ***Blurred vision**
**Caution in narrow angle glaucoma.** |
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Term
| Systemic cortico steroids |
|
Definition
Respiratory Med: for Acute asthma and COPD exacerbation.
Action: Decrease inflammation and edema in respiratory tract, enhance sympathomimetic bronchodilator activity.
ADE: Na+/water retention, elevated blood glucose, can alter e-lytes, GI irritation CNS effects. ***BLURRED VISION AND CHANGE IN IOP!***
Admin: PO/IV/IM
Comment: Taper off as soon as possible to avoid adrenal reliace. |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory Med: For chronic asthma (maintenance)
Action: Decrease inflammation and edema in respiratory tract, enhance sympathomimetic bronchodilator activity.
ADE:Increase risk of oral candidiasis. Some potential drug interactions.
Admin: Inhalant form.
***Blurred vision, change in IOP*** |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory Med: Chronic asthma
Action: Decrease inflammation and edema in respiratory tract, enhance sympathomimetic bronchodilator activity.
ADE: Increased risk of oral candidiasis, Some drug interactions.
Admin: Inhaled.
Comment: BLURRED VISION & CHANGE IN IOP! |
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Term
| Montelukast, Zafirlukast &Zileuton |
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Definition
| Respiratory med: Chronic asthma prevention /maintenance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, seborrhea, dry eye, rosacea |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Staph aureus, N. gonorrheae, C. trachomatis, strep pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenze |
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Term
|
Definition
| Herpes simplex types 1 and 2, adenovirus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staph aureus, staph epidermidis, strep pneumoniae, group A strep, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Herpes simplex types 1 & 2, Varicella-zoster virus. |
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Term
|
Definition
Penicillin (stops cell wall synth)
Effective against strep and staph cocci. Oral form only. (Lost of resistance)
ADE: Allergy: Immediate or delayed. Rash or shock. GI effects with oral use: Nausea vomiting, diarrhea. Confusion, seizures and encephalopathy. Blood dyscrasias can occur: eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia.
**Most Likely: No need to renal adjust** |
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Term
|
Definition
Penicillin. against strep staph and listeria, & some gram-negative rods and cocci.
Oral only.
ADE: Allergy: Immediate or delayed. Rash or shock. GI effects with oral use: Nausea vomiting, diarrhea. Confusion, seizures and encephalopathy. Blood dyscrasias can occur: eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia.
**DOES NOT WORK AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS **
**Needs to be dose adjusted in patients with renal impairment** |
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Term
|
Definition
Penicillin:
Clavulanate added to restore effectiveness of amoxicillin against some bacteria that acquired resistance.
ORALLY (strep& Staph)
Some gram-negative rods and cocci.
ADE: Allergy: Immediate or delayed. Rash or shock. GI effects with oral use: Nausea vomiting, diarrhea. Confusion, seizures and encephalopathy. Blood dyscrasias can occur: eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia.
**Does not work against pseudomonas.
** Needs to be dose-adjusted in patients with renal impairment. |
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Term
Cephalosporins:
Cephalexin and Cefadroxil |
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Definition
*First Generation*
MOA: Bacteriocidal: Inhibits bacerial cell wall synthesis, inhibits bacterial enzymes which assemble peptidoglycan.
USE: Effective against gram + not good for pseudomonas or enterococci. (oral only
ADE: Renal dose adjustment in patients who have renal impairment. 2-10% of patients alergic to penecillians are alergic to cephalosporins too. |
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Term
|
Definition
MOA: Bacteriocidal: Inhibits bacerial cell wall synthesis, inhibits bacterial enzymes which assemble peptidoglycan.
Cephalosporin (Inhibits cell wall production).
Same gram + coverage as cephalexin, but has a bit more gram - rod coverage.
** Does not cover enterococci or Pseudomonas.
ADE: Renal dose adjustment in patients who have renal impairment. 2-10% of patients alergic to penecillians are alergic to cephalosporins too. |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones ( ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, besifloxacin. |
|
Definition
Inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase, interferes with bacterial reproduction.
Some gram + many gram - bacteria. NOT GOOD AGAINST MRSA
Uses: Most ophthalmic solutions used in bacterial conjunctivitis will be used for 7 days. Corneal ulcers/keratitis will be used for 5-14 days.
ADE: If allergic to one fluoroquinolone, can easily cross react with others. Avoid over use for conjunctivitis. (can cause white precipitate)
Watch out for: Seizure history, or patients on blood thinners.
Can cause :Photosensitivity and photophobia, burning/stinging sensation, blurred vision, redness/irritation in eye, eye pain, foreign body sensation, tearing, dry eye.
**Severe damage possible too: Allergy / exfoliative dermatitis,facial edema, dizziness. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Poly myxinbactericidal agent, binds to cytoplasmic membranes, disrupting the structure and altering membrane permeability. (Against sensitive gram negative bacteria)
NOT LONG TERM TREATMENT |
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Term
|
Definition
Bactericidal agent.
Binds to bacterial cell membranes and interferes with cell wall synth. Against sensitive Gram-positive bacteria.
NOT LONG TERM TREATMENT |
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Term
|
Definition
MOA: Inhibit bacterial protein synth by binding to 30-S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic effects: variable -> gram-positive bacterial, reliable -> systemic listeria infections.
Some gram - (Neisseria meningitidis and legionella.
Effective for Mycoplasma, chlamydia, and rickettsia.
**WATCH OUT FOR SUN BURN! (photosensitivity)***
(NEBO- oral use VERY rare, only specific conditions: chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma. Oral group = doxy and tetra)
Avoid use in pregnancy and in children.
Cross sensitivity btw agents in SAME class
GI effects: colitis |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibit protein sytn by binding to 50-S ribosomal subunit.
Against: Gram-positive bacteria (Group A, B,C and G strep, strep pneumoniae, MSSA, listeria)
Some Gram - ( N. meningitidis, M. catarrhalis, H influenzae, legionella).
Good for mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia and some clostridia.
ADE: Hepatic complications (hepatitis & Jaundice) renal complications, GI effects
Ototoxicity
Allergic reactions.
Azithromycin: trmt of eyelid infections & chlamydial DZ, NO RENAL ADJ.
Erythromycin: superficial ocular infections, YES RENAL ADJ. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30-2 (and 50-s) BOTH.
USED MOSTLY FOR GRAM - bacteria, and some MSSA
Uses: Ophthalmic products include: gentamicin 0.3% ointment and solution, tobramycin 0.3% ointment and solution, and neomycin). Sometimes used prophylactically, still some conjunctivitis or keratitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antiviral: 1% Opthalmic solution for herpes and keratoconjunctivitis.. Thymidine is incorporated into viral DNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Antiviral agent. 3% opthalmic ointment for herpes, keratoconjunctivitis. Inhibits viral DNA polymerase and prevents lenthening or building of DNA viral chains.
NOT FOR ADENOVIRUS.
ADE: Increased sensitivity to light. |
|
|
Term
| Clonidine,Guanabenz, Guanfacine, methyldopa |
|
Definition
Antihypertensive medications
Action: A2 agonists
***Blurred vision, conjunctivitis and dry eyes are possible. |
|
|
Term
| Doxazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin |
|
Definition
Class: Selective alpha-adrenergic antagonists
Uses: Hypertension, BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy).
** Vision abnormalities (blurry vision, etc.) and conjunctivitis can occur. |
|
|
Term
| Beta adrenergic blocking agents Labetalol, carvedilol [DRUG OF CHOICE], sotalol, metoprolol, atenolol |
|
Definition
Uses: Hypertension & cardiac arrhythmias, glaucoma, angina, migraine
** Many drug to drug interactions
**Dryness or soreness of the eyes** |
|
|
Term
| Calcium channel agonists: Nifedipine, diltiazen,amlodipine |
|
Definition
Action: Blocks calcium influx during slow channel exchange, dilates peripheral arterioles, some are used for antiarrhythmnic properties, also used for angina.
** Drug to drug
**Transient blindness has been reported rarely with nifedipine. |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist: Spironolactone |
|
Definition
| Uses: Hypertension CHF, CHF after MI, edema |
|
|
Term
| Ace inhibitors: Captopril, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril |
|
Definition
Uses: hypertension, CHF, MI
ADE: Dizziness, tachycardia,headache, cough, bradykinin accumulation.
**DRUG TO DRUG***
**Rare vision defects ** |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin receptor blockers: Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan |
|
Definition
Uses: Hypertension
ADE: Hypotension, dizziness, other ADE's
**Conjunctivitis and blurred vision have been reported. |
|
|
Term
| Thiazide Diuretics: Hydrocholorthiazide, Metolazone |
|
Definition
| Uses: Edema, hypertension. |
|
|
Term
| Loop Diuretics: Fuosemide, Forsemide, Ethacrynic acid |
|
Definition
Uses: Edema, hypertension, Lasix also used for hypercalcemia.
ADR:Electrolyte imbalance
*** Can cause blurred vision *** |
|
|
Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Acetazolamide, Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide |
|
Definition
Uses: glaucoma
MOA: *****Inhibits carbonic anhydrase lowers IOP
**TRANSIENT MYOPIA HAS BEEN REPORTED |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uses: Deep vein thrombosis,atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, and heart valve replacement surgeries.
ADE: Bleeding necrosis, GI upset.
Drug interactions:****NSAIDs, aspirin, clopidogrel, antibiotics, heparin, thrombolytic agents can increase bleeding risk.
**Effects reversed by use of vitamin K. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Uses:Reduces risk of AMI, stroke, and TIA (ministroke). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic indications.
ADE: GI bleeding
**Reports of visual disturbances, blurred vision, with some NSAIDS** |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Anticoagulant
**ADE: Cataracts and conjunctivitis** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmit imipulses to end organs by releaseing NE (Sympathetic), or ACh (Parasympathetic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parasympathetic: Transmits all parasympathetic signals to end organs (heart , lungs) binds to MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic: from preganglionic neurons in brain/spinal cord to NICOTINIC ganglionic receptors on postganglionic nuerons.
ALL ganglionic transmition is cholinergic.
When released from NEURONS: causes muscle contraction by binding to NICOTINIC receptors on muscle cells.
In BRAIN: neurotransmitter with MUSCARINIC receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Not identifiable through a gram stain |
|
Definition
| Legionella, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rod-shaped. Example: E. Coli |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Short rigid spirals Ex. Vibrio |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa-like bacteria that are thin, flexible, motile and spiral-shaped. Ex. Borrelia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria that possess branchingfilamentous elements resembling fungal hyphae. Ex. Mycobacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely small parasitic bacteria once thought to be virusesbecause their growth takes place within host cell. They do have a cell wall. Ex. Coxiella. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Very small bacteria that lack a rigid cell wall. Bound by unit membranes. (Not seen with gram's stain) Antibody titers can help dx. Ex. Mycop0lasma pneumoniae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller than Rickettsiae, these bacteria were also once thought to be viruses. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites which do possess cell walls and ribosomes, but must rely on the intracellular processes of the host cell to produce metabolic energy. |
|
|
Term
| Specimen collection: Colonies surrounded by greenish zones |
|
Definition
(Partially hemolytic bacteria)
Alpha hemolytic streptococci ( S. viridans, or S. pneumoniae) |
|
|
Term
| Specimen Collection: colonies surrounded by clear zones |
|
Definition
fully hemolytic bacteria
Beta hemolytic streptococci such as group A streptococci. |
|
|
Term
| Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
|
Definition
The lowest in-vitro concentration of antibiotic in solution with a bacterial suspension that prevents/inhibits growth of the bacteria after an incubation peroid.
If the concentration of antibiotic represented by the MIC can be achieved in the patient's serum by normal routes of delivery, the bacteria is said to be sensitive to the antibiotic.
If the MIc is above the achievable level or is within range that would be toxic to a patient, then the bacteria is said to be resistant oteh antibiotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotics whose mechanisms of action usually result in bacterial cell death. |
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