Term
| used to treat and prevent DVT's, PE's, and other thromboembolic events, as well as in the tx of MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reversal agent for heparin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low molecular weight heparin (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater activity degrading activated Factor X. Longer DOA, less frequent dosing. |
|
|
Term
| used for chronic anticoagulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding, skin changes, teratogen |
|
|
Term
| reversal agent for warfarin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs that inhibit warfarin metabolism therefor increasing it's effect |
|
Definition
| cimetidine, metronidazole, and TMP-SMX |
|
|
Term
| drugs that accelerate warfarin metabolism therefor lessening it's effects |
|
Definition
| barbituates, rifampin, cholestyramine |
|
|
Term
| used for pt's who need anticoagulation but are unable to take heparin |
|
Definition
| direct thrombin inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what are the direct thrombin inhibitors (7) |
|
Definition
| hirudin, bivalirudin, lepirudin, desirudin, argatroban, melagatran, dabigatran |
|
|
Term
| used to tx ACS along with aspirin, to prevent CVA's, and in pts undergoing coronary stent placement to prevent thrombosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug acts to inhibit cyclic nucleotide phophodiesterase. Used in pharmacologic stress tests and as a secondary prevention of stroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in the tx of ACS, adjunctive tx for prevention of thrombosis during PCI |
|
Definition
| abciximab (eptifivatide, tirofiban) |
|
|
Term
| antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxic amounts of this drug lead to respiartory and metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding in the GI tract, gastritis, gastric ulcers, reyes syndrome, tinnitus |
|
|
Term
| MOA = promotion of plasminogen to plasmin, which acts to degrade fibrin, and thus degrade a thrombus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the fibrinolytic agents (5) |
|
Definition
| streptokinase, urokinase, antistreplase, alteplase, reteplase |
|
|
Term
| when is fibrinolytics therapy indicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are fibrinolytics most effective? |
|
Definition
| when given early after symptom onset |
|
|
Term
| inhibits plasminogen activation, used in post-op bleeding and in the tx of hemophilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drug is in the class of aminocaproic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in the tx of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency, chemotherapy, or critical illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drugs are synthetic erythropoietins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SE fo synthetic erythropoietin (3) |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular events and thrombotic complications (Hbg > 13), teratogen, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| used in the treatment of non-insulin dependent DM2. MOA = prolong binding of insulin to target tissue receptors,reduce serum glucagon levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sulfonyurea contraindication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renal or hepatic insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| sulfonyurea similar drugs |
|
Definition
1st generation = chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide.
2nd generation = glyburide, glipizide.
3rd generation = glimepiride |
|
|
Term
use = non-insulin dependent DM.
SE = GI upset, lactic acidosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metformin contraindication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what class of drugs does metformin belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DM drug that doesn't cause hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rosglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SE a-glucosidase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| GI upset (flatulence, diarrhea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sitagliptin, vildagliptin |
|
|
Term
| glucagon-like peptide-1 analog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weight gain, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreatitis, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| MOA = inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. Increase concentration of LDL receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med used to decrease total cholesterol and LDL levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myopathy, abnormal liver function tests, teratogen |
|
|
Term
| med that mainly results in lowering of LDLs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam |
|
|
Term
| not nearly as efficacious in individuals who lack LDL recepto |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not nearly as efficacious in individuals who lack LDL receptors (homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia) |
|
Definition
| bile acid resins and atorvastatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gemfibrozil, ciprofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate |
|
|
Term
| class of drugs that act to decrease triglyceride levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug used primarily to increase HDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug that acts to decrease lipolysis in adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug used in prostate cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug acts as a mild agonist of androgen and progesterone receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug used in the tx of endometriosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug used in BPH and prostate cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug acts to inhibit aromatase, used in the treatment of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug that acts to decrease GnRH release, decreasing FSH and LH levels. Inhibits follicular development and results in absence of ovulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other use of OCP aside from birth control |
|
Definition
| decrease the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer |
|
|
Term
| OCP that contains only synthetic progestins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OCP that contains high doses of synthetic progestin |
|
Definition
| emergency contraception pills, must be taken within 72 hrs |
|
|
Term
| steroid compound that acts as a competitive receptor antagonist at the progesterone receptor. In high doses it can act as an abortifacient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for metastatic prostate cancer, leiomyomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| administered in an intermittent fashion to treat infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leuprolide, nafarelin, goserlin |
|
|
Term
| partial agonist at the estrogen receptors in the pituitary, used to induce ovulation and treat infertility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat osteoperosis by decresing osteoclastic bone resorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat bone mets with associated hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits thyroid peroxidase --> inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis --> inhibiting peripheral conversion of T4 and T3. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism if pregnant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug used to treat hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maculopapular rash, agranulocytosis, arthralgias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colchicines, probenecid, allopurinol |
|
|
Term
| induce microtubular depolymerization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreases resorption of uric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits xanthine oxidase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in an acute gouty attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for prevention of further gouty attacks (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthetic corticosteroids (7) |
|
Definition
| prednisone, hydrocortisone, cortisone, prenisolone, methylprenisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
| used to treat adrenocortical insufficiency, allergic reactions, collagen-vascular disorders, IBD, MS, ITP, arthritis, asthma, spinal cord compression |
|
Definition
| synthetic corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| SE of synthetic corticosteroids |
|
Definition
| cushing syndrome, osteoperosis, irritability, hyperglycemia, fat redistribution, impaired wound healing |
|
|
Term
| inhaled glucocorticoid that is used to treat chronic asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in the treatement of a variety of endocrine disorders, ZE syndrome, and esophageal varices associated with cirrhosis-induced portal hypertension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in treatment of central DI, spetic shock, and cardiac arrest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to induce labor and stimulate breast milk letdown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med that inhibits the pancreatic enzyme lipase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med that is a neurotransmitter (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) reuptake inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steatorrhea and fecal incontinence, decraesed absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nausea, sexual dysfunction, hypertension, arrythmias |
|
|
Term
| antiobesity med that was withdrawn from the market |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti-pyritic agent, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI bleeding, allergic reactions, interstitial neprhitis, tinnitus, hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| drugs similar to ibuprofen |
|
Definition
| naproxen, indomethacin, diclofenac, sulindac, oxaprozin |
|
|
Term
| reversible inhibitor of Cox 1 & 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in RA, OA, and other acute pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI upset, interstitial nephritis, increased risk of thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| irreversible blocker of Cox 1 & 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used as an antipyretic and analgesic. Se = fatal hepatotoxicity with overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antidote for acetaminophen overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute onset of SOB. PMHx = dx of colon cancer x 3 months ago. Pt is hypoxic, tachypneic, tachycardic, and has elevated D-dimer levels. Order high resolution CT. Empiric tx with an anticoagulant drug that acts to accelerate the action of antithrombin III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| palpitations x 2 hrs. denies previous episodes. PMHx = anterolatearl MI 4 months ago. HR 122, irregularaly, irregular. ECG = a-fib. You prepare to administer diltiazem to lower the HR and tell the pt he will likely need chronic anticoagulation with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right hip pain after a fall. PMHx = heparin induced thrombocytopenia. imaging confirms a fx hip. Pt scheduled for surgery. Given pt risk for developing DVT post op, you order prophylactic anticoagulation with a med that acts by directly inhibiting thrombin |
|
Definition
| direct thrombin inhibitors (hirudin, bivalirudin, lepirudin, desirudin, argatrudin |
|
|
Term
| 11 yo boy found unconscious in his bed at home. His parents tell you he's been feeling ill x 2-3 days and having "shaking chill" and muscle aches. Temp = 102, tried to treat with over-the counter meds. Lab tests = extremely elevated liver enzymes, you believe pt may be suffereing from Reye's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe, crushing, substernal chest pain began while shoveling his driveway 6 hrs ago. He has had this pain in the past when exerting himself, usually dissipates with rest. ECG = ischemia, cardiac enzymes are normal. Dx = unstable angina pectoris. Cath = stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery, stent placed. Med given to prevent thrombosis by inhibiting ADP pathway involved in platelet aggregation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiology follow up regarding recent cardiac stress test which showed ischemia to the lateral wall, likely blockage of LCX. During stent placement she is likely to recieve a med that acts to prevent thrombosis at the site of stent placement by nhibiting platelet aggregation through inhibition at the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor present on platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heavy, substernal chest pain that radiates to left shoulder and jaw, began 2 hrs ago. Breathing heavy and sweating. ECG = ST elevation and T-wave inversion in leads 2,3 and aVF = inferior MI. No cath lab available, to minimize damage you give a med that might dissolve the coronary blockage. |
|
Definition
| fibrinolytic agents (stretokinase, urokinase, antistreplase, alteplase, reteplase) |
|
|
Term
| significant bleeding from the gums. Pt has hemophilia and had wisdom teeth extracted 1 day ago. In order to treat his bleeding you administer a drug that will inhibit plasminogen activation and thus control the bleeding and replace his deficient clotting factors. |
|
Definition
| aminocaproic acid (tranexamic acid) |
|
|
Term
| ESRD, requiring hemodialysis presents for follow up. Feeling more fatigued lately. PE = thin, pale, stable HR and BP. Lab = anemia with hematocrit of 29. Iron = anemia of chronic disease. GI bleed = negative. Start on a med to stimulate RBCs in his bone marrow |
|
Definition
| synthetic erythropoietin (epoetin, darbepoetin) |
|
|
Term
| woman presents to your endocrinology clinic for follow up of Type 2 DM. Difficulty achieving optimal control of her blood sugar. Currently takes metformin. A1C = 7.7. You decide to add another med to lower blood sugar by stimulating increased insulin release from B-cells of her pancreas. |
|
Definition
| sulfonylureas (1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation) |
|
|
Term
| PCP for annual check up. FHx type 2 DM. fasting BGL = 152. give him a med that will lower his blood sugar by inhibiting glucose production by the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recent DM 2 dx. One drug in class causes significant liver damage but is no longer prescribed. Remainder of class have been shown to be safe. |
|
Definition
| thiazolidinediones (rosglitazone, piogliatzone, troglitazone) |
|
|
Term
| DM 2 med acts to decrease absorption of postprandial carbs in the GI tract, but warn that GI SE of the med are not minimal |
|
Definition
| alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol) |
|
|
Term
| DM 2 follow up, not well contolled with metformin, glipizide, and rosglitazone. Asks about a drug that treats DM by mimicking glucagon-like peptide-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevated cholesterol, recommend starting a med that lowers cholesterol by inhibiting the body's production of cholesterol. You also suggest he improves diet and exercise regimen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pt with elevated LDL, normal HDL and triglycerides. started her on atorvastatin but she was unable to tolerate due to myalgias. You tried a different med to lower LDL, she complains of diarrhea and a terrible taste. |
|
Definition
| cholestyramine = bile acid resin |
|
|
Term
| severe epigastric pain associated with N/V. Lab = elevated amylase and lipase --> acute pancreatitis. No dx of alcohol use or gallstone dz. Triglycerides = 1500. You immediately start a triglyceride-lowering agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 week hx of back pain after moving heavy boxes. Point tenderness at T12, L1. Imaging = fx of L1. Bone scan = osteoperosis. start a med that decreases osteoclastic bone resorption |
|
Definition
| alendronate (bisphosphonate) |
|
|
Term
| racing heart, experienced several times over last 6 months. 2-3 episodes of diarrhea/day and difficulty sleeping. PE = exopthalmos, and mildly enlarged thyroid gland. give a med to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe pain on right big toe. Hx = non-hodgkin lymphoma being treated. Lab = elevated uric acid levels. begin tx with a med to decrease the migration of inflammatory cells to the affected joint and tell him he may be able to prevent similar attacks with a med that acts by inhibiting xanthine oxidase |
|
Definition
gout agents.
decreased migration = colchicine.
inhibit xanthine oxidase = allopurinol |
|
|
Term
| weakness, fatigue over past month. Pe = hyperpigmentation over knuckles, knees, and elbows. Lab = hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia. condition = autoimmune process. Likely will need replacement of specific hormones |
|
Definition
| synthetic corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| morbidly obese with a body mass index of 43. PMHx = hyperlipidemia, type 2 DM tx with insulin, HTN, OA of bilateral knees. oral med to tx obesity. Prescribe med that will help weight loss by inhibiting intestinal fat absorption but warn him of the SE = fecal incontinence. |
|
Definition
| antiobesity agent = orlistat |
|
|
Term
| difficulty urinating, trouble starting and stopping the stream of urine x 4 months. lost 10 lbs in the last 2 months. DRE = easily palpable, prostatic nodules that are firm, enlarged, and irregularly shpaed. Lab = elevated PSA. Bx = prostate cancer. tx with a med that acts as a competitive antagonist at androgen receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased frequency of urination with difficulty starting and stopping. DRE = diffusely enlarged prostate gland. Lab - increased PSA. Dx = BPH. tx = med to decraese productino of dihydrotestosterone and thus decrease the size of his prostate to help his urinary sxs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oncology clinic for a consult regarding his mets prostate cancer. Several areas of bone mets. Tx = med which acts as a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 21 yo female in monogomous relationship using condoms for protection. Interested in other protection. No personal or family hx of blood clots, and she doesn't smoke. You prescribe hormonal birth control to reduce her risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large volumes of bloody vomit. PMHx = cirrhosis secondary to alcohol abuse. PE = HR 100, BP 90/60, some epigastric pain. endoscopy = esophageal varices. start pt on a synthetic analog of a naturally occuring pancreatic hormone which causes vasoconstriction of his esophageal varices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female with recurrent headaches, denies neuro sxs and no hx of migraines. very thirsty and urinating often lately. labs = normal glucose, increased serum osmolality, hypernatremia. You refer to endocinologist. In the mean time you start a med to cause an increase in permeability to water in the collecting duct of the kidney, thereby resulting in increased renal absorption of water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain in right knee worse in the evening after a full day of activity. bony nodules on her DIP and PIP. you suspect OA and start tx with an OTC med that will reversibly inhibit COX 1 & 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newly dx RA. Hx of gastric ulcers. You recommend an OTC anti-inflammatory with a low risk of developing gastric ulcers as compared to ibuprofen. You warn her this drug may cause an increased risk for stroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| headaches worse at the end of a stressful day, often associated with shoulder tightness. Dx = tension headaches. OTC med for tx = one that acts to inhibit cyclooxygenase in the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
