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Pharm 2 Exam
Pharm 2 Exam
40
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
10/19/2011

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Oxytocic
Definition

(Ch.63: Drugs that affect the uterine function)

- stimulates uterine contractions

- induction or augmentation of labor

-Control of postpartum bleeding (contracts the uterus by providing direct pressure)

- induction of abortion (not a common use)

Term
Tocolytic
Definition

(Ch. 63: Drugs that affect the uterine function)

- suppression of preterm labor

Term
Magnesium sulfate
Definition

(Ch. 63: Drugs that affect uterine function)

- Uterine relaxant

- the most commonly used in the hospital setting

- Once mg gets high enough level, provides smooth muscle relaxation, thus stops contraction

- may also stop breathing b/c smooth muscles of diaphragm slow/stop

- Be sure to check on pt b/c they may stop breathing

Term
Beta2-selective adrenergic agonist
Definition

(Ch. 63: Drugs that affect uterine function)

      Smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs

      Ritodrine

      Terbutaline [Brethine]

       Relax lungs, uterus, any smooth muscles

Term

Nifedipine [Procardia, Adalat, Nifedical]

Definition

(ch. 63: Drugs that affect uterine function)

- Calcium channel blocker

- relax smooth muscle

Term
Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Definition

(Ch. 63: Drugs that affect uterine function)

- uterine stimulant (oxytocics)

- peptide hormone produced by the posterior pituitary 

- milk ejection

- water retention

- Precaution: uterine rupture may occur

- Do NOT give to women w/ active genital herpes (these women will give birth by c-section)

- A.E.: water intoxication, uterine bleeding, uterine tearing

Term
Carboprost tromethamine (Hemabate)
Definition

(Ch. 63: Drugs that affect uterine function)

- "stops-blood"

- uterine stimulant (oxytocics) 

- Drug of choice for controlling postpartum hemorrhage

- causes intense uterine contractions

- AE: GI, vomit, diarrhea, fever, vasoconstriction, bronchi constriciton

Term

Dinoprostone (Prepidil, Cervidil)

Dinoprostone gel

Dionoprostone vaginal inserts (Cervidil)

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

Definition

Drugs used to promote cervical ripening

- these agenst used in conjunciton w/ oxytocin

Term
Androgens
Definition

(Ch.64: Androgens)

- major endogenous androgen is testosterone

- Therapeutic uses: male hypogonadism, delayed puberty, breast cancer, replacement therapy in menopausal women, wasting in pts w/ AIDS, anemias

- AE: virilization, premature epiphyseal closure, hepatotoxicity, edema, gynecomastia, abuse potential

Term

Phosphodieterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors I

sildenafil (Viagra)

Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs for erectile disfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia) 

- used for erectile dysfunction

- high fat meal slows absorption

- little or no effect on men who do not have ED

- AE: hypotenstion, priapism (prolonged painful erection)

- Drug interactions: Nitrates, Alpha blockers, Inibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4)

Term

PDE5 inhibitors II: 

vardenfil (Levitra)

Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

- Used for Erectile Dysfunciton (pretty much the same as Viagra)

- AE: headache, flushing

- Drug interactions: Alpha-adrenergic blockers, Nitroglycerin and other nitrates

 

Term

PDE5 inhibitors II: 

tadalafil (Cialis)

Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs for erectile dysfunciton and benign prostatic hyperplasia)

- used for erectile dysfunciton

- effect of 72 hrs (so if pt comes in that has taken Cialis, canNOT give nitro for heart attack

- AE: headache, dyspepsia, back pain

 

Term
papaverine plus phentolamine
Definition

(Ch.65: Drugs for erectile dysfunction and benign hyperplasia

- used to conteract impotence

- AE: priapism, painles fibrotic nodules in the corpus cavernosum, orthostatic hypotension w dizziness

- Injected directly ino the copus cavernosum & immediately before sexual activity 

Term
Finasteride Propecia
Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

- treatment of BPH

- MOA: finasteride is a competitive inhibitor of both tussue and hepatic 5-alpha reductase. This results in inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and markedly suppresses serum dihydrotestosterone levels. May take up to 6 months to achieve full efficacy

- AE: impotence, libido decreased

Term
Doxazosin Cardura
Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs used for Erectile Dysfunction & Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

- treats BPH

- MOA: competitively inhibits postsynaptic alpha1-adrenergic receptors in prostatic stromal and bladder neck tissues. This reduces the sympathetic tone-induced urethral stricture causing BPH symptoms. May take up to 6 months to achieve full efficacy

- AE: dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue

Term
tamsulosin Flomax
Definition

(Ch. 65: Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction & Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) 

- Used to treat BHP

- MOA:tamsulosin is an antagonist of Alpha1A-andrenoreceptors in teh prostate. Smooth muscle tone in the prostate is mediated by alpha1A-adrenoreceptors;blocking them leads to relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate causing an improvement of urine flow and decreased symtoms of BPH. May take up to 6 months to achieve full efficacy

- AE: Orthostatic hypotension, headache, dizziness, abnormal ejaculation

Term
Immunosuppressants
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- inhibit immune response

- Uses: prevention of organ rejection, treatment of  autoimmune diseases

- Toxicity: increased risk of infection, increased risk of neoplasms

Term
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- MOA: to suppress the production of interleukin-2, interferon gamma, and other cytokines

- Uses: prevent rejection of transplants (used alot in bone marrow transplants), autoimmune diseases

- AE: nephrotoxicity, infection, hepatotoxicity, lymphoma, hypertension, anaphylactic reactions

- Drug & food interactions: drugs that can decrease/increase cyclosporine levels (there are more than 20), nephrotoxic drugs, grapefruit juice

Term
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- An alternative to cyclosporine (not used as much as it, but used in more difficult transplants such as heart, kidney)

- Use: prophylaxis of organ rejection

- AE: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity (PRESS), GI effects, hypertension, hyperkalemia

- Drug & food interactions: Agents that inhibit CYP3A4, grapefruit juice, NSAIDs

Term
Sirolimus (Rapamune)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- Use: only for prevention of renal transplant rejection, use in conjunction w/ cyclosporine & glucocorticoids

- AE: increased risk of infection, raises levels of cholesterol & triglycerides, risk of renal injury, sever complications in liver & lung

- Drug & food interactions: drugs that inhibit or induce CYP3A4, high fat foods, grapefruit juice

Term
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- other cytotoxic drug

- anticancer drug

Term
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- other cytotoxic drug

- anticancer agent

- utilized in the treatment of RA

-Suppression of B & T lymphocytes

Term
Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept, Myfortic)
Definition

(Ch. 68: Immunosuppressants)

- other cytotoxic drug

- approved for prophylaxis of organ rejection

- acts on B & T lymphocytes to inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase

- selective inhibition of B & T lymphocyte proliferation

Term
Antihistamines
Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

- Uses: relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release, including nasal allergies & allergic dermatosis, adjunct to epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis, nighttime sleep aid (not a good one), prevention or treatment of motion sickness, antitussive (anti-cough), management of parkinsonian syndrome including drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms, topically for relief of pain & itching associated w/ insect bites, minor cuts and burns, rashes due to poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac or other irritants

Term

H1 Antagonists - First Generation

(First Generation is usually not that good)

Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

- MOA: competes w/ histamine for H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, blood vessels, and respiratory tract

- Uses: mild allergy, severe allergy, motion sickness, insomnia, common cold

- AE: sedation, difficulty thinking, lower acidity levels, anitcholinergic effects (cant see, cant spit, cant pee, cant shit), cardiac dysrhythmias

- Drug interactions: CNS depressants

Term
H1 Antagonists - First Generation Drugs
Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

Azatadine, Brompheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, Clemastine, Cyproheptadine, Dexchlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, phenindamine, promethazine

Term

H1 Antagonists - Second Generation

(Self-proclaimed Non-sedating)

Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

- MOA: competes w/ histamine for H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract (basically same as 1st gen)

- DOES NOT cross BBB resulting in a reduced potential for sedation

- AE: drowsiness, fatigue, headache, nausea, dry mouth, (same general as 1st gen, but less severe)

Term
H1 Antagonists - Second Generation Drugs
Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

- Fexofenadine (Allegra), Cetirizine (Zyrtec), Loratadine (Claritin, Tavist ND, Alavert), Desloratadine (Clarinex), Azelastine (Astelin)

Term
Tylenol PM
Definition

(Ch. 69: Antihistamines)

- $47 million in sales

- Only active ingredient for sleep is diphenhydramine

- Acetaminophen is included for pain relief (acetaminophen is weak pain reliever)

- contains generic form of Benadryl

Term
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- Analgesic, anit-inflammatory and antipyretic

- widely used for treatment of arthritis and pain

- 14 million regular users

- not as efficacious as analgesics as opiods

- MOA: inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), of which there are 2 isoforms: COX1 & COX2

Term
Action of Prostaglandin Inhibition
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- NSAIDS block the action of COX thus inhibiting prostaglandins, prostacyclin & thromboxane

- renal blood flow(PGI)->renal ischemia

- gastric mucous(PGE)->irritaiton, ulcers

- platelet aggregation(TXA)->bleeding

- uterine contractoins (PGE)->delays labor

- inflammation(PGE)->anti-inflammatory

- nociceptor sensitization(PGE)->analgesia

Term
Aspirin
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- MOA: Irreversibly inhibits COX1&COX2 enzymes

- analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

- suppression of platelet aggregation by inhibiting thrybroxine

- dysmenorrhea, cancer prevention, prevention of Alzheimer

Term
Aspirin
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- AE: GI bleeding, renal impairment, salicylism, reye's syndrom, hypersensitivity reaction

Term
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- 2nd generation COX2 inhibitor-fewer AE's than 1st generation

- Uses: Osteoarthritis, RA, acute pain, dysmenorrhea, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

- AE: dyspepsia, GI ulceration, abdominal pain, renal toxicity sulfonamide allergy, 

Term
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Definition

(Ch. 70: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen)

- IS NOT AN NSAID!

- Analgesic, antipyretic, does NOT possess anti-inflammatory activity

- MOA: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in CNS

- AE: hepatotoxicity, over dose-hepatic necrosis

- does NOT cuase ulcers, does NOT cause bleeding

Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition

(Ch. 71: Glucocorticoids in Nonendocrine Diseases)

- Uses: RA, SLE, inflammatory bowel disease, misc. inflammatory disorders, allergic conditions, asthma, dermatologic disorders, neoplasms, suppression of allograft rejection, prevention of respiratory distress syndrome

- AE: adrenal insufficiency, osteoporosis, infection, glucose intolerance, myopathy, fluid & electrolyte disturbance, growth retardation, psychologic disturbances, cateracts & glaucoma, peptic ulcer disease, Iatrogenic cushing's sundrome

- Drug interactions: interactions r/t K+ loss, NSAIDS, insulin & oral hypoglycemic, vaccines

Term
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)
Definition

(Ch. 72: Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis)

- Most rapid-acting DMARD

- Therapeutic effect - 3-6 weeks

- AE: hepatic fibrosis, bone marrow supression, GI ulceration

Term
Etanercept (Enbrel), Humira, Remicade
Definition

(Ch. 72: Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis)

- New DMARDS

- Inactivates tumor necrosis factor (TNF), slows progression of disease, $$$, very specific=very expensive

- AE: infeciton, lymphoma, injection site reactions

Term
Colchicine
Definition

(Ch. 73: Gout)

- Decreases pain

- MOA: blocks migration of neutrophils to affected area, not an anti-inflammatory, indirect anti-inflammatory drug

- Uses: treat acute gout attack, reduce incidences of attack, abort an impending attack

- AE: gastrointestinal, diarrhea is dose limiting

Term
Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
Definition

(Ch. 72: Drug Therapy of RA and Gout)

- MOA: blocks conversion of hypoxanthine to uric acid, reduce blood levels of uric acid

Uses: prophylaxis, hyeruricemia due to chemotherapy (Tumor Lysis Syndrome)

AE: well tolerated, hypersensitivity syndrome can occur years after initiation of therapy, gastrointestinal 

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