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PHARM 100 - EXAM NOTES
Objectives, and previously asked questions
172
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
04/09/2016

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Cards

Term
Drug A will relieve moderate pain when administer at a dose of 10 mg, and Drug B will relieve pain o the same intensity when given at a dose of 1 mg. What is their difference? (potency vs. efficacy)
Definition
Drug B is more potent than Drug A
Term
The therapeutic index of a drug is best described as?
Definition
LD50/ED50
Term
What is the most common route of drug administration for a drug that is inactivated by stomach enzymes?
Definition
Subcutaneous
Term
What are some examples of techniques used in drug advertising?
Definition
- Instilling fear in consumers
- Using celebrities to sell product
- Portraying drug as an easy fix for a problem
- Comparison before and after taking drug
Term
What is the concept of a placebo?
Definition
A tablet that doesn't contain an active drug, but looks like the tablet being tested
Term
What is selective toxicity?
Definition
The injury of one kind of living matter without harming some other kind
Term
What is an anti-metabolite?
Definition
A chemical that antagonizes the action of a substance that is required for the metabolism of a living cell or organism.
Term
What is a parenteral route?
Definition
A route such that the gastrointestinal tract is bypassed
Term
What is LD50?
Definition
A median lethal dose
Term
What is the most common route of drug administration?
Definition
Oral
Term
Describe the double-blind method:
Definition
The physician who assesses the patient and the patient do not know whether the patient is taking drug or placebo
Term
What is a synapse?
Definition
A junction between an axon (nerve) terminal and a cell body or dendrite.
Term
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Definition
The hormones from the hypothalamus regulate physiological functions, such as body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body.
Term
What is the neurotransmitter that mediates the activity of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
What is the function of propranolol?
Definition
To block sympathetic activity in the heart
Term
Which drug classes are associated with psychological dependence?
Definition
- Stimulants
- Sedative-hypnotics
- Opioids
- Hallucinogens (LSD like drugs)
Term
Name a withdrawal syndrome that is inactive of physical dependence.
Definition
An unmasking of compensatory responses in the central nervous system
Term
What drug is this: An amphetamine-like agent with hallucinogenic potential
Definition
Ecstasy
Term
What is the mechanism by which cocaine exerts its stimulant actions?
Definition
Inhibition of dopamine re-uptake
Term
What is the mechanism by which caffeine exerts its stimulant action?
Definition
Activation of adenosine receptors
Term
True/False: 100% of nicotine in a cigarette is absorbed after "normal" smoking and inhalation
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Nicotine has no effects on heart rate and blood pressure.
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Nicotine has no usefulness as an aid to help cessation of smoking cigarettes
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Physical and psychological dependence occur to nicotine
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, but not cancer of any other body organs
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Both benzodiazepines and barbiturates have a wide safety margin
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Benzodiazepines have a greater potential for drug tolerance and dependence in comparison to barbiturates
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Benzodiazepines produce less interference with sleep patters inc comparison to barbiturates
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Benzodiazepines and barbiturates do not enhance the depressant effects of alcohol on the brain
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Benzodiazepines and barbiturates both produce effects by acting on benzodiazepine receptors
Definition
FALSE
Term
What class does the drug implicated in date rape, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), belong to?
Definition
Sedative-hypnotic agents
Term
What are some effects associated with acute ethanol-induces CNS depression?
Definition
- sleep
- anesthesia
- relief of anxiety
- abnormal behaviour
Term
What class of drug can similar pharmacological properties as enkephalins or endorphins (naturally occurring substances in the brain)?
Definition
Opioids
Term
A person who has experienced severe respiratory depression due to overdose of a psychoactive drug was successfully treated with naloxone. What drug is likely to have caused the respiratory depression in this person?
Definition
Heroin
Term
What are the symptoms of depression, according to theories?
Definition
A deficiency of serotonin or norepinephrine in the brain
Term
What is the classification of chlorpromazine?
Definition
antipsychotic
Term
What is the classification of fluoxetine (Prozac*)?
Definition
antidepressant
Term
What is the classification of lithium?
Definition
anti-manic depression agent
Term
What is the classification of Diazepam (Valium*)?
Definition
anti-anxiety agent
Term
According to theories of metal illness, what are the symptoms of schizophrenia due to?
Definition
Dopamine receptor hyperactivity
Term
How does lithium produce its therapeutic effect?
Definition
By stabilizing norepinephrine (NE) activity by normalizing NE release, uptake and action on NE receptors
Term
Does cocaine produce drug tolerance following chronic use?
Definition
yes
Term
Do opiates produce drug tolerance following chronic use?
Definition
yes
Term
Do barbiturates produce drug tolerance following chronic use?
Definition
yes
Term
Do amphetamines produce drug tolerance following chronic use?
Definition
yes
Term
The drugs classified as tricyclic depressants act primarily by inhibiting re-uptake of:
Definition
Norepinephrine and serotonin
Term
True/False: the active ingredients in cannabis bind to the alpha-andergic receptor
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: the medical use of cannabis (smoked) has been approved by Heath Canada
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: The active ingredient in cannabis is slowly metabolized such that a user may test positive days after smoking cannabis
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Cannabis use doesn't impair motor coordination
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Cannabis, unlike alcohol, doesn't impair cognitive function
Definition
FALSE
Term
What receptor does the active ingredient in cannabis bind to?
Definition
CB1
Term
True/False: Tolerance develops to psychoactive properties of cannabis with long-term, high-dose use
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The euphoria elicited by cannabis is less intense than that produced by cocaine
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The effects of cannabis can on occasion manifest as pseudo-hallucinations
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The cardiovascular effects of cannabis are serious and often irreversible
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Cannabis has been reported to reduce the sex drive in males
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Cannabis is widely used as a sedative and hypnotic
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Marijuana is considered a narcotic under legislation
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Hashish oil is obtained from the stems of the cannabis plant
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Caffeine concentrations in the urine of an athlete are allowed providing the concentration doesn't exceed that expected to result from the intake of two - three cups of coffee
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Blood doping is the process of collecting the athletes blood and infusing the stored blood a few days before competition
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Diuretics are used by athletes to remove body water and hence reduce weight
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Growth hormone is not used by athletes as it can be easily detected in urine
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Erythropoietin is a protein that stimulates red blood cell formation
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Athletes who compete in precision sports use propranolol to regulate the heart beat
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The benzodiazepines (diazepam) are used by "ski jumpers" to relieve anxiety before the "jump"
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Weight lifters often use diuretics in order to reduce the body weight and hence they can compete in a lighter weight class
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The process of stacking (using several drugs) is employed in an attempt to circumvent detection of drug use by athletes and is usually successful
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: The amphetamines will increase speed and endurance during an athletic performance
Definition
TRUE
Term
What are 4 anabolic functions of male sex steroids (ex: testosterone)?
Definition
- Increased skeletal muscle mass
- Decreased body fat %
- Increased total body nitration retention
- Increased retention of several electrolytes (salts)
Term
True/False: Ingestion of amphetamines prior to a sports event will increase speed and endurance
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Low to moderate doses of amphetamine in a "well trained" athlete will increase performance by a minimum of 25%
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Use of amphetamines by an athlete may decrease blood pressure
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Low doses of amphetamine will increase athletic performance without producing any central nervous system excitation
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: A portion of the increase in athletic performance in response to amphetamine is a result of the appetite stimulation of the drug
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Clomiphene is classified as an anti-estrogen and is used to induce ovulation
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: A problem associated with clomiphene is an increased incidence of multiple births
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Estrogens given to treat symptoms associated with the menopausal syndrome will reduce the incidence and severity of osteoporosis
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives have been definitely associated with an increased incidence of mammary carcinoma
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Estrogens can increase the synthesis of co-factors required for coagulation
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is the most effective method of contraception?
Definition
Tubal ligation
Term
True/False: Use of a diaphragm in combination with spermicidal jelly is more effective as a contraceptive than the estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Tubal ligation and vasectomy should be considered as permanent forms of contraception
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: There are no male oral contraceptives available in Canada
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Mifepristone (RU-486) is an anti progesterone and is taken after a "missed period"
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: A complication of the intrauterine device is heavy menstrual bleeding
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is Mifepristone (RU-486) best classified as?
Definition
An antiprogestin
Term
True/False: Gossypol is derived from cotton seed oil
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Gossypol produces a contraceptive effect that is not reversible after discontinuation of the drug
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Gossypol decreases sperm count when taken orally
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Gossypol can cause skeletal muscle weakness
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Gossypol is widely used in China
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: What is Norplant (L-norgestrel) best classified as?
Definition
A progestin
Term
True/False: The second-generation (newer) antihistamines produce less sedation than the old antihistamines
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Poison ivy dermatitis is one of the most common of all allergic skin disorders
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Barrier creams offer good protection against poison ivy dermatitis
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: There are no well-substantiated differences in the clinical effectiveness among standard aspirin tablets
Definition
TRUE
Term
What do OTC sleeping aids usually contain?
Definition
Pyrilamine (an antihistamine) and acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Term
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with long-term use of laxatives?
A) Disturbances in the physiological acid/base balance
B) Pulmonary edema
C) Obstructive jaundice
D) A gastro intestinal tract dependent on laxatives
E) Dehydration
Definition
B)
Term
What is the most rational drug treatment for Travellers' diarrhea?
Definition
Loperamide (Imodium)
Term
True/False: Based of its effectiveness, glyceryl guaiacolate (expectorant) is not appropriate to stock in a home cabinet
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: In large overdoses, acetaminophen can cause liver damage
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Acetylsalicylic acid may cause gastric (stomach) irritation
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Feverfew is recommended by herbalists for the treatment of migraine headaches
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Preparations of Feverfew, a natural product, are remarkably consistent in the amount of active ingredients delivered in a dose
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Chronic use of Comfrey may lead to liver damage
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Devil's Claw is recommended by herbalists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (arthritis)
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The use of herbal drugs should be based on well designed clinical trials
Definition
TRUE
Term
Which of the following herbal preparations is considered by herbalists to be an "adaptogen"?
A) Comfrey
B) Kava
C) Ginseng
D) Valerian
E) St. John's Wort
Definition
C)
Term
Which of the following medicines is sold as a mild sedative and hypnotic?
A) Diazepam
B) Hawthorn
C) Opium
D) Liquorice
E) Valerian
Definition
E)
Term
True/False: Devil's Claw has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Herbal products do not product drug interactions when taken together with prescription drugs
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Feverfew is often used as a sedative and hypnotic
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Valerian is effective in aborting a migraine headache
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Echinacea is recommended by herbalists for the treatment of the common cold
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Adding sodium nitrite to prepared meat imparts a pleasing read colour
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The addition of silicates keeps flour free-flowing
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The addition of antibiotics as a food preservative is a rational and effective manner to preserve food
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: sequestrates such as EDTA are added to food to bind metals
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Butylated hydroxytolune is added to food to prevent the oxidation of fat
Definition
TRUE
Term
Why is sodium nitrite added to food?
Definition
to prevent the growth of clostridium botulinum
Term
What is the RRDA (recommended daily dietary allowance) of a vitamin best described as?
Definition
The daily amount of a vitamin required to keep the bulk of the population healthy
Term
Is Vitamin C water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Definition
water soluble
Term
Is Vitamin A water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Definition
fat soluble
Term
Is Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Definition
water soluble
Term
Is Vitamin D water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Definition
fat soluble
Term
Is Vitamin B12 water-soluble or fat-soluble?
Definition
water-soluble
Term
What will happen if you have excess vitamin D
Definition
This will have adverse effects on bone
Term
Xerophthalmia (dry eye) can lead to visual impairment and blindness. This is associated with which vitamin?
Definition
Vitamin A
Term
The incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer in men peaked and started to decline in the mid-1980's, whereas in women, the incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer continue to rise because:
Definition
Among men, tobacco use began to drop in the mid-1960's and among women, smoking rates began to decline only in the min 1980's
Term
What is Aflatoxin B?
Definition
- A potent carcinogen
- May be partly responsible for the higher incidence of liver cancer in China and central Africa
- An example of a naturally occurring carcinogen
- Formed by the fungus, Aspergillus flavus
Term
What is the reason for differences in the types and numbers of cancers affecting the developing world and the developed world?
Definition
- Differences in detection methods
- Differences in reporting of cancers
- Differences in regulation of hazardous chemicals in the work place
- Relocation of hazardous industries from the developed world to the developing world
Term
True/False: The percentage of smokes in Canada, aged 15 years and over, has dropped from about 50% to about 21% in 2002
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The estimated per capita consumption of fruits and veggies in Canada has risen steadily between 1963 & 2001
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The percentage of Canadians, age 12 years and over, who are physically inactive has decreased between 1994 and 2001.
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: The prevalence of unhealthy weights amongst Canadians is decreasing, particularly among children
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The percentage of Canadian non-smokers, aged 12 years and over, exposed to second-hand-smoke is higher amounts the 12 to 19-year-old age group.
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Mortality rates for breast cancer has declined steadily since 1986
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Mortality rates for lung cancer in men levelled off in the min 1980's and are now declining
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Percivial Pott was a chimney sweep who died from cancer of the scrotum
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Prevalence of a disease reflects the number of people with the disease existing in the population over a certain time period
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Because people are living longer, they are living to an age where they are more at risk to develop cancer
Definition
TRUE
Term
The Ames test, which is a definitive diagnostic screening test, is used to determine what?
Definition
It is used to determine whether a substance is a carcinogen or not.
Term
Why is it difficult to determine a cause and effect relationship for cancer causing agents in humans?
Definition
This is because humans are exposed to many chemicals and substances during their lifetime
Term
True/False: Anticancer drugs can be potentially carcinogenic
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: The initiation step in carcinogens is an irreversible process
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: The promotion step is the process of promoting the transformed cell (the cancer cell) to grow into a tumour tissue
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Therapy with a combination of anticancer drugs is considered inadvisable and is not useful.
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptor antagonists are very effective drugs for the relief of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Cyclotomic drugs derived from plants tend to affect the microtubule formation of the cell and prevent cell division
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: There are approximately 40 different chemicals in cigarette smoke
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Tobacco smoke contains both pro carcinogens and agents that promote tumour growth
Definition
TRUE
Term
Side effects caused by organic nitrates include all of the following except:
A) Headache
B) Flushing
C) Hypotension
D) Dizziness
E) Bradycardia
Definition
E) Bradycardia
Term
Which of the following drugs is NOT indicated for the treatment of angina pectoris?
A) Propanolol
B) Nifedipine
C) Nitroglycerin
D) Digoxin
E) Isosorbide dinitrate
Definition
A) Propanolol
Term
What do cardia glycosides cause?
Definition
They are highly effective in congestive heart failure and artrial fibrillation
Term
What lipoprotein is "the good lipoprotein"?
Definition
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
Term
What is the mechanism of therapeutic action of simvastatin?
Definition
Inhibition of HNG CoA reductase enzyme activity
Term
True/False: Paraquat has been used to destroy marihuana fields
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Ingestion of paraquat can lead to burns in the mouth and stomach
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Paraquat's principal target organ for toxicity, regardless of the route of exposure, is the liver
Definition
FALSE
Term
True/False: Improper storage of paraquat has led to accidental poisonings
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Ingestion of paint chips is a potential source of lead exposure in humans
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Exposure to lead can cause anemia
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: DDT is an organochlorine insecticide
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Many insects are not resistant to DDT
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Acute toxicity is usually associated with a single exposure to a toxicant
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Chronic toxicity is usually associated with repeated exposure to a relatively small dose of toxicant
Definition
TRUE
Term
True/False: Acute toxic effects are usually more obvious than chronic are
Definition
TRUE
Term
What is the mechanism of penicillin?
Definition
Inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall in bacteria
Term
True/False: Opium was used as a drug as early as 380 B.C.
Definition
TRUE
Term
Where did Ephedrine come from?
Definition
Ma Huang
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