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| sometimes 2 or more of same endogenous molecule must bind to the receptor to generate a signal |
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the location of the conc. dose-response curve along the conc. axis
can affect dosage |
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- the maximal effect that can be produced by a drug
- determined by intrinsic properties of the drug and its receptor-effector system
- plateau of the conc-effect curve |
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the inhibition produced by an antagonist can be overcome by INCREASING the conc. of the AGONIST to achieve same maximal effect
- observed by antagonists the bind REVERSIBLY |
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| REVERSIBLE OR IRREVERSIBLE interaction of the antagonist at an allosteric site so that the effect produced by the AGONIST is DECREASED |
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maximal apparent effect is acheived when a relatively small fraction of receptors is occupied
where present, the conc of drug required to produced a half-maximal effect is |
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| individual effective concentration |
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conc. of a drug that produces a specified effect in a single pt
- effect is either present or absent |
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| median effective dose ED50 |
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| dose of a drug to produced a specified effect in 50% of the population |
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| dose of drug to kill 50% of cute little animals |
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| therapeutic index (equation?) |
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TI = LD50/ED50
ratio to determine how selective drug is in producing a desired effect or the safety of the drug
- when ratio is <2.0 may encounter toxicity |
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| hyperreactive or hyporeactive |
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| drug produces its usual effect at unexpectedly low or high doses |
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DECREASED sensitivity to a drug due to previous exposure to drug
- repeated doses of the same conc. of the drug produces diminishing effect |
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| extremely rapid development of tolerance |
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| allergic reactions to a drug |
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qualitatively different or unexpected reaction that occurs in relatively small % of pts
effects not necessarily dose related |
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| pharmacodynamic interactions |
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| drug interactions at common receptor site or have additive or inhibitory actions at different sites in an organ |
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the extent to which a drug reaches its site of action or
a biological fluid from which the drug has access to its site of action |
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