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ph302 sdsu terms
pgs 6-9
51
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
03/22/2010

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Cards

Term
HIll, A.B.
Definition
father of medical statistics
Term
historical cohort
Definition
see retrospective cohort study
Term
homogeneity
Definition
constant or uniform measures or variances across strata
Term
horizontal transmission
Definition
denotes transmission from one person to antoher, directly or indirectly
Term
host
Definition
a person or other living animal that affords subsistence or lodgement to an infectious agent under natural conditions
Term
hybrid study design
Definition
a study design which is a combo of more than one standard study design
Term
ICD
Definition
international classification of diseases
Term
"iceberg" concept of disease
Definition
a concept used that suggests that the visible or clinical cases of disease represent a small fraction of the actual prevalence
Term
IEA
Definition
international epidemiological association
Term
imputation
Definition
forcing in values for missing data
Term
incidence density
Definition
the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time among all person-time for a population at risk for developing the disease
Term
incidence rate
Definition
the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time among all persons in a population at risk for developing the disease. it is a measure of risk.
Term
incubation period
Definition
the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset o clinical illness
Term
index case
Definition
the first case in a family or other defined group to come to the attention of the investigator
Term
indirect cause
Definition
one determinant is indirectly associated with an outcome usually with intermediate determinants
Term
indirect transmission
Definition
transmission of an agent from host to susceptible by means of a vector, i.e. water.
Term
infectious disease
Definition
an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the inanimate environment.
Term
information bias
Definition
a flaw in measuring exposure or outcome data that results in different quality of information between comparison groups
Term
informed consent
Definition
voluntary consent given by a subject for participation in a study after being informed of the purpose and risks
Term
interaction
Definition
interaction occurs when the incidence rate of disease in the presence of two or more risk factors differ from the incidence rate expected to result from their individual effects.
Term
interviewer bias
Definition
systematic error due to interviewers' subconscious or conscious gathering of selective data
Term
IRB
Definition
Institutional Review Board
Term
JAMA
Definition
Journal of the American Medical Association
Term
Jenner, Edward (18th century)
Definition
pioneered studies in vaccination. he was interested in predisposing people to cowpox as a means of controlling smallpox
Term
Kappa statistic
Definition
a measure of the degree of nonrandom agreement between observers of the same categorical variable
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
a list of postulates that should be met before a causative relationship can be accepted between a disease agent and the disease in question
Term
latent disease
Definition
an infection with no active multiplication of the agent, as when viral nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus. only the genetic message is present in the host, not the viable organism.
Term
lead time bias
Definition
overestimation of survival time, due to the backward shift in the starting point for measuring survival that arises when diseases such as cancer are detected early, as by screening procedures
Term
length bias
Definition
a systematic error due to selection of disproportionate numbers of long duration cases in one group but not in another
Term
life tables
Definition
a summarizing technique used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in populations
Term
lind, james
Definition
conducted one of the first randomized trials on scurvy by administering lemons randomly to the crew of a ship during the 18th century
Term
Logistic regression
Definition
a statistical analysis which determines an individual's risk of the outcome as a function of a risk factor. the outcome of interest has two categories
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
a study in which the exposure and non-exposure groups are ascertained. the groups are then followed up for several years into the future and incidence is measured
Term
loss to follow-up
Definition
study subject(s) who cannot or do not complete participation in a study for whatever reason
Term
Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio
Definition
an odds ratio that summarizes a number of odds ratios from a group of stratified contingency tables
Term
matched analysis
Definition
an analysis in which the study group and the control group are comparable with respect to extraneous factors.
Term
measurement bias
Definition
systematic error arising from inaccurate measurements of subjects on study variables.
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
the statistical analysis of a large collection of analyzes resulting from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings.
Term
miasmatic theory of disease
Definition
an obsolete theory, utilized prior to the 20th century, that stated disease being transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung lowon the surface of the earth
Term
misclassification bias
Definition
a type of biats that occurs when an individual is classified into the wrong category (ex. classifying an individual as a case when in actuality he-she is a control and vise versa)
Term
MMWR
Definition
morbidity and mortality weekly report
Term
mode of transmission
Definition
the way in which an infectious agent is transmitted (ex. airborne, direct contact, etc.)
Term
morbidity
Definition
any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being
Term
mortality
Definition
resulting in death
Term
mortality rate
Definition
total number of deaths from a specified cause divided by the number of persons in the population at the midpoint of the specified time period. any restrictions placed on the formula, such as an age range, apply to both the numerator and denominator. when restrictions are placed, we call it a specific rate. i.e. age-specific mortality rate.
Term
MRFIT
Definition
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
Term
Multivariate analysis
Definition
a statistical analysis which uses more than one independent variable.
Term
mutually exclusive
Definition
each event or variable is independent from one another. no event or variable will have an effect on the probability of outcome for any other event or variable.
Term
NCHS
Definition
National Center for Health Statistics
Term
Negative predictive value
Definition
the proportion of patients who test negative that do not have the same disease in question
Term
Negative predictive value
Definition
the proportion of patients who test negative that do not have the same disease in question
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