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| father of medical statistics |
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| see retrospective cohort study |
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| constant or uniform measures or variances across strata |
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| denotes transmission from one person to antoher, directly or indirectly |
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| a person or other living animal that affords subsistence or lodgement to an infectious agent under natural conditions |
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| a study design which is a combo of more than one standard study design |
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| international classification of diseases |
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| "iceberg" concept of disease |
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| a concept used that suggests that the visible or clinical cases of disease represent a small fraction of the actual prevalence |
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| international epidemiological association |
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| forcing in values for missing data |
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| the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time among all person-time for a population at risk for developing the disease |
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| the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time among all persons in a population at risk for developing the disease. it is a measure of risk. |
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| the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset o clinical illness |
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| the first case in a family or other defined group to come to the attention of the investigator |
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| one determinant is indirectly associated with an outcome usually with intermediate determinants |
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| transmission of an agent from host to susceptible by means of a vector, i.e. water. |
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| an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the inanimate environment. |
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| a flaw in measuring exposure or outcome data that results in different quality of information between comparison groups |
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| voluntary consent given by a subject for participation in a study after being informed of the purpose and risks |
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| interaction occurs when the incidence rate of disease in the presence of two or more risk factors differ from the incidence rate expected to result from their individual effects. |
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| systematic error due to interviewers' subconscious or conscious gathering of selective data |
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| Institutional Review Board |
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| Journal of the American Medical Association |
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| Jenner, Edward (18th century) |
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| pioneered studies in vaccination. he was interested in predisposing people to cowpox as a means of controlling smallpox |
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| a measure of the degree of nonrandom agreement between observers of the same categorical variable |
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| a list of postulates that should be met before a causative relationship can be accepted between a disease agent and the disease in question |
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| an infection with no active multiplication of the agent, as when viral nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus. only the genetic message is present in the host, not the viable organism. |
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| overestimation of survival time, due to the backward shift in the starting point for measuring survival that arises when diseases such as cancer are detected early, as by screening procedures |
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| a systematic error due to selection of disproportionate numbers of long duration cases in one group but not in another |
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| a summarizing technique used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in populations |
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| conducted one of the first randomized trials on scurvy by administering lemons randomly to the crew of a ship during the 18th century |
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| a statistical analysis which determines an individual's risk of the outcome as a function of a risk factor. the outcome of interest has two categories |
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| a study in which the exposure and non-exposure groups are ascertained. the groups are then followed up for several years into the future and incidence is measured |
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| study subject(s) who cannot or do not complete participation in a study for whatever reason |
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| Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio |
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| an odds ratio that summarizes a number of odds ratios from a group of stratified contingency tables |
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| an analysis in which the study group and the control group are comparable with respect to extraneous factors. |
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| systematic error arising from inaccurate measurements of subjects on study variables. |
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| the statistical analysis of a large collection of analyzes resulting from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. |
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| miasmatic theory of disease |
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| an obsolete theory, utilized prior to the 20th century, that stated disease being transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung lowon the surface of the earth |
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| a type of biats that occurs when an individual is classified into the wrong category (ex. classifying an individual as a case when in actuality he-she is a control and vise versa) |
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| morbidity and mortality weekly report |
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| the way in which an infectious agent is transmitted (ex. airborne, direct contact, etc.) |
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| any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being |
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| total number of deaths from a specified cause divided by the number of persons in the population at the midpoint of the specified time period. any restrictions placed on the formula, such as an age range, apply to both the numerator and denominator. when restrictions are placed, we call it a specific rate. i.e. age-specific mortality rate. |
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| Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial |
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| a statistical analysis which uses more than one independent variable. |
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| each event or variable is independent from one another. no event or variable will have an effect on the probability of outcome for any other event or variable. |
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| National Center for Health Statistics |
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| Negative predictive value |
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| the proportion of patients who test negative that do not have the same disease in question |
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| Negative predictive value |
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| the proportion of patients who test negative that do not have the same disease in question |
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