Fallacy- when you jump to a conclusion without enough evidence and simply generalize very quickly with the information given; a claim on pure opinion. 

ex. Me, my brother, and my friend all got bad grades in math class. No one gets a good grade in math class. 

Fallacy - maintaining something that links to something else

ex. Runway models cause anorexia amongst young adolescents. 

Fallacy - comparing two things that are not very similar to make judgements

ex. A small school hears that Penn State raises millions of dollars for THON so they assume that they can raise that kind of money too. Even tho the size difference is astronomical. 

Fallacy - usually used geographically; based off of using pathos; when someone manipulates peoples emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true

Ex. A political leader is attempting to convince her followers to participate in certain acts of violence by the use of hate speech then her claim would be "you should participate in these acts of violence"

Fallacy - small under-representative samples used as support for a claim

ex. 4 students participate in survey - "3 out of 4 students do not drink alcohol" obviously not accurate based on sample

Fallacy - a claim that does not prove anything. it simply states facts (whether these facts are accurate or not)

ex. Since the Japanese make faulty shoes we should only buy American made shoes.

Fallacy - a claim that does not follow the structure of the original topic; also called the "Red Herring"; these are tricks to fool someone and give irrelevant information that does not follow

ex. Why protect the forest when innocent people are dying every day from terrorism. 

fallacy - type of claim that starts with someone advocating change, then another questions this change, then we respond by saying "this is the way it's always been"

ex. Lets go to the mall before lunch. Why would we do that we always go to the mall after we have lunch. 

Fallacy - a claim that debates the particular meaning of a given word. 

ex. really exciting book are rare, but rare books tend to be expensive. Therefore, really exciting books are expensive. The word rare is falsely being equivocated to expensive. 

Fallacy - a claim using words that depend on a particular field of interest; these words to the majority would be unknown unless they have prior education on them.

ex. "The Speakers Ethos was felt by the audience to be low." Even tho we know what ethos means many people may not.  

Fallacy - claim that attacks individual or group of people; name calling

ex. "Don't listen to the environmentalist complain about global warming. They are just a bunch of pot smoking hippies. 

Fallacy - claims arguing that if one event happens, then all of these other events will happen 

ex. We have to stop tuition from increasing. Next thing you know we will all be paying 40,000$ a semester. 

Fallacy - claim using a testimony of a "non-expert" celebrity endorsements. 

ex. Of course the death penalty is wrong! Harrison Ford and Brad Pitt don't support it. 

 Fallacy - claims that use the words "everyone" as means of support. 

ex. I don't see a reason to wear a helmet, everyone bikes without one!

images thats are used to represent meaning.

Words or phrases that are highly revered, widely accepted, and carry special power

1. God Terms - carry greatest blessing and demand for sacrifice or obedience within a culture (fact, progress, family values)

2. Devil Terms - perceived by a culture as associated with disgust. (Nazi, Communism, terrorist)

3. Charismatic terms - something observable and has a power that is mysteriously given (Freedom, Democracy, Respect)

the labels we use to describe things reflect our attitudes about them and affect others' reactions

ex. single parent vs. single parent family

Illegal alien, illegal immigrant, or undocumented worker

Handicapped, disabled, or physically challenged

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Linguistics professors that came up with a theory of linguistic relativity stating that language determines how we perceive the world. This idea claims that until we have a term, a certain issue does not exist 

ex.date rape, sexual harassment, marital rape

Double-Speak language

“making a word more POSITIVE”; these reflect the attitudes of language and helps to manipulate language to shape individual’s attitudes

ex. Laid off vs. Fired

Garbage man vs sanitation engineer

used vs. previously owned

• Language Intensity – language that’s emotional, metaphorical, opinionated, and specific
• Language Vividness- language that captures and holds our attention
• Language Offensiveness- language that’s seen negatively because we have strong negative connotations associated with “swearing” 

Reinforcement Theory

Language Expectancy

Information Processing

Communication Accomodation

Reinforcement Theory

assumes people are motivated to avoid pain and seek pleasure

ex - Pulling troops out because they are being murdered and slaughtered. (People do not want those intense words so persuaders will use these to reinforce their idea)

assumes people have expectations about what type of languages are “normal” when persuading others

ex. Me and if I use “offensive or bad language”

idea that in order to persuade you must comprehend a message, compare other positions, accept/reject the position 

when communicating we adapt our style of speaking to our audience in order to gain approval

ex. You would not talk to a child the same way you would talk to an elderly person, you change or “accommodate” your language for your audience

Emotionally interesting, concrete, and imagery-provoking

ex. “the glass crashed and shattered into pieces” vs. “the glass broke”

• Religious Profanity- deals with bashing another religion
• Excretory Profanity- random everyday bad words
• Sexual Profanity- gender related

*Sexual profanity is the MOST offensive

*Religious profanity is the LEAST offensive

*Excretory profanity is the MOST used

signals uncertainty and anxiety

ex. uh...um...I don't know the answer.

(qualify the utterance in which they occur) “stalling the statement”

ex. I guess I sort of like you.

fortify the utterance 

ex. I really really believe you. 

indicate deference and subordination

ex. Excuse me if you don’t mind to much, I’d appreciate it if you could please shut the door. Thank you

lessens the force of a declarative sentence

ex. That was fun, don’t you think?

utterance before question of doubt

ex. I know this sounds really dumb...but...

phrases outside speakers vicinity - deals with space

ex. That man over there is the one who stole my wallet

Any type of nonverbal communication that creates warmth, closeness, friendliness, and involvement with other people

ex. hugs handshakes smiling nodding

The model is a relationship between nonverbal behavior and social influence

People try to control their nonverbal communication to give a certain impression

#1. Kinesics:

#2. Haptics:

• The study of touch
• Research shows that positive effects have been demonstrated from touch (Waitresses)
• Using touch helps to create a sense of immediacy, affection, and importance
• Can be very ambiguous (Caitlin’s Dad does NOT like to be touched when out to eat) and depends on factors such as context, gender, and culture

• The study of how we use space to communicate
• Can demonstrate status (size of offices of the Spanier and a graduate students)  you would assume that Spaniers’ office would be larger

Edward T. Halls Space Distances:

• Intimate: 0-18 inches
• Personal: 18 inches – 4 feet
• Social: 4 feet – 12 feet
• Public: 12 feet - ?

• Expectancy Violation Theory- idea that individuals have expectations about how close other people should stand

#4. Chronemics:

• The study of time
• The higher your status, the more power you have over other people’s time (Doctors, Dentists, Job employers)
• Advertisers stress time to try and persuade you to buy a product

#5. Artifacts:

• Anything added to your body
• EX: clothing, cosmetics, hair, tattooing, body piercing

• Endcaps- the shelves at long aisle of store are impulse buying; type of artifact (arrangement of buildings)

#6. Olfactory Sense:

• Sense of smell
• EX: colognes, bakeries, candles, Abercrombie, all use smell to persuade buyers

#7. Physical Appearance:

• Beauty sells
• More attractive people are seen as more persuadable

• Halo effect- One positive characteristic of a person causes us to see everything about that person in a positive light

Types of Body shapes:

• Mesomorph- athletic and muscular
• Ectomorph- thin and frail
• Endomorph- fat and round

#8. Vocalics:

• Everything dealing with the voice EXCEPT for the actual words spoken
• Pitch, tone, pauses, volume, sighs…