Term
|
Definition
| an environment in which media serve as inermediaries in the comm. process, coming between audiences and persuaders and affecting the information that passes between the two |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the co-production of meaning that results when and individual or group of individuals uses language strategies and/or visual images to make audiences identify w/ that individual or group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| category of interactive electronic media that includes the internet and interactive CD-ROMs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which persuaders and audience members arrive at mutually agreed upon meanings for words and visual images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of beliefs, values, and practices that sustains a particular people; also the products they produce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of alignment that exists w/ another when we share a similar way of viewing the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| society that is fragmented due to the economic, social, and technological changes that have accompanied its maturation from a manufacturing to service orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| word, image, or gesture that stands for a physical object, idea, or feeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakfown in the accepted understanding of the world, marked by questioning of accepted theories, assumptions, and views of reality and by power struggles among persuaders for control of the meaning of events, images, and symbols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creating value for products or ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| establishment of a person, product, or idea as something members of a culture must kn ow about- that is, as a cultural phenomenon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| products of a culture that are owned and produced by businesses for the purpose of making a profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surveying of a culture to understand current trends, beliefs, values, and practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| criterion or standard of preference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| domination of culture by one particular cultural group, resulting in the empowerment of certain cultural beliefs, values, and practices over others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of rules for making choices and reducing conflicts in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oppressive structure in society that privileges the beliefs, values, and practices of men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the core beliefs, values, and behaviors that have been part of the American dialoge since the 1600's and that have been maintained and are accepted by a majority of Americans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culture in which "self-realization" through the purchase of consumer goods is a dominant cultural belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subgroup of the maingstream against which mainstream culture measures itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| existence of diverse, and often competing or conflicting, cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors in one culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widespread short-term preference for something new |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language that pretends to communicate but really doesnt; language that uses ambiguity to hide its true message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempt by persuaders to establish their perspective as the dominant way in which their ideas are seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theiory of human motivation that contends that language motivates individuals to act in certain ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpretation of persuasive events by journalists, academics, and politicians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learned response to some person, object, or idea. an attitude has a positive/negative dimension. a way of seeing the world that is reflected in our language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| four-stage model of guilt purification, in which persuader scapegoats someone else or takes the blame for some guilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linguistic act of saying something is not something else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory of symbol use that contends that effective speakers today use an intimate style of language that is conversational, personified, self-disclosive, synoptic and lade w/ images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbolic structure, created by language use, that gives one person, place, or thing a higher standing that others in it's group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| representation of large amounts of information in a short, memorable part of that body of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| desire to take ideas or actions to their extreme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "false" event, staged simply to prompt news coverage of a person, place, or thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of allignment that exists w/ another when we share a similar way of viewing the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of beliefs, or mass consciousness, that is shared by a group of individuals and that dictates their attitudes and beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of labels that contains attitudes towards the objects, ideas, or people they describe and that suggest audience responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
word or phrase that refers to a culturally understood set of meanings and behaviors or that is "pregnant" w/ idiological commitment.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberty, rights of privacy, and religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way of talking about a situation that reveals something about how the speaker views others and the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategy targetting a small, narrowly defined audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| audience analysis technique that divides the audience into groups based on such identifiable traits as age, sex, race, income level, political party and religios affiliation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategy to attract large demographically diverse audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis technique that combines demographic info about an audience w/ info about members' attitudes, opinions, and interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea about what is true or false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analyses technique that shows where audiences w/ particular demographic characteristics live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which persuaders break down their audience into small, observable units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line of software code that is placed in a file on your computer that identifies you to the site host when you revisit the site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of statistical theory to assume some characteristic of a population based on a survey of a respresentative sample of that population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurments of media audiences by a third party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides audience into smaller groups to more precisely infer their attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of which actions individuals and society consider desirable and undesirable, as well as the rationale for their judgements when they are faced w/ equally compelling forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statement that accomplishes something or does something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of force to compel someone to do something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statement that challenges a speech act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of physical action to compel someone to do something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theoretical construct that helps us envision a society free of controlling interests. First, the ideal speech situation requires freedom of speech. second, all individuals must have equal access to speaking. finally, the norms and obligations of society must be equally distributed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inequality of access to communication resources, such as telephones, computers and the internet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of a claim that has no substantive meaning but that may nontheless be persuasive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organization's formal statement of its ethical standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social collectivity (or group of people) in which activities are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals |
|
|
Term
| Orality, Literacy, and Electronic Media and Hypermedia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
face-to-face communication between source and receiver. Vocalization and body movements to express thoughts.
700 million people still rely on this medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
written language
a) seperation between sender and receiver
b) linearity
c) abstract thought |
|
|
Term
| Electronic Media (information) |
|
Definition
sense of participation for senders/receivers
information decontextualized
alteration of time and space
vicarious experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diaries, literature, historical papers, distinguished "Americans" from other people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hands on learning, self sufficiency, cooperation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual effort and success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accomplishments and ability to abuse power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
achievement/success
efficiency/practicality
progress
freedom and equality
individiualism
effort and optimism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
criteria to evaluate people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
: value those who are self taught |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
:improvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
:rights of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
:autonomy (want to stand out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cultural Values
: "doers" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
culture is ______ ______
- behaving according to your values
- individualism (move out at 18)
- collectivism (stay at home till married)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Culture is _______
- shared by a group of people
- voluntary groups
- involuntary groups (race, gender, sexual orientation)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
culture is ________
- it is changing
- groups redefine themselves
- groups experience certain issues
- (obama's election)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myth about ______
- no perspective from which to obtain absolute objective truth
- our conceptual system is grounded in and constantly tested by our experience and culture
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myth about _________:
- world made up of objects
- no absolute objective reality
- cant rely on human judgement
- words have fixed meanings
- using poetic, rhetorical or figurative language avoided
- objectivity is rational
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myth about ________:
- senses and intuition best guides for action
- most important things in life are subjective
- language/imagination necessary for expressing unique and personally important aspects of our experience
- objectivity is dangerous
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
________ ________:
- subjectivity/objectivity not only source
- metaphor is imaginative rationality
- unites reason and imagination
|
|
|
Term
metephor is......
what we perceive
how we get around in the world
how we relate to other people |
|
Definition
methephor is....
what we _____
How we _____________
How we _____________ |
|
|
Term
"arguments as War"
"Time is Money" |
|
Definition
metaphor for argument......
- your claims are INDEFENSIBLE
- her criticisms were RIGHT ON TARGET
- ive never WON an argument w/ him
metaphor for Time
- your wasting my time, you need to budget your time
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______: orientation to time that assumes it is linear and is a commodity that may be lost or gained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________: orientation to time that sees it as circular and more holistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of affect reflected in the persuader's language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of intense words to the total words in the text |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
________ Language:
- empty adj: (cute, sweet)
- question forms (Right?)
- Polite forms (please, thank you)
- Hedges (I guess, i think)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
________ Language:
- no empty adjectives
- strong statements
- no polite terms
- uses hedges less frequently
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membership in ______ groups:
- based on educational background, geographic location, marital status, socioeconomic status
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membership in _______ groups:
- based on age, ethnicity, gender, physical ability etc.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
communication occurs between equals
all the time/ rarely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RoKeach's types of beliefs
Type ___:
- primitive,
- 100% consensus
- BASIC TRUTHS
- Shared by all
- non-controvercial
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RoKeach's types of beliefs
Type ____:
- primitive
- 0% concensus
- beliefs developed from experience w/ object
- refer to self image of person
- central to person's belief system ("i believe in God)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RoKeach's types of beliefs
Type ___:
- authority beliefs
- faith in authority figures
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RoKeach's types of beliefs
Type ___:
- derived beliefs
- accept authority figures' ideas w/o direct experience w/ object or belief
- MOST EASILY changed by persuasion
|
|
|
Term
| affective/emotional information |
|
Definition
| we are persuaded on how persuaders make us feel about certain issue/object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
__________ information:
changed by affective information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___________ information:
changed by cognitive information |
|
|
Term
how informed are respondents likely to be?
do the questions have loaded phrasing?
assess pole sample using scientific techniques |
|
Definition
| what are things to look at when assesing polling? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exact dollar amounts
early questions influencing response to later ones |
|
|
Term
| honesty, promise keeping, truthfulness, fairness and humanness |
|
Definition
| what standards do we generally use when discussing ethics? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which produces greatest public good?
aknowleges ambiguity
provides opportunity for pubnlic discussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some acts always right and some always wrong
NOT widely accepted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Johannesen's ethical standards
_______ perspective: ethical discussions should be based on cultures political system (unrestricted debate, legal procedures, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Johannesen's ethical standards
________________ perspective: reasoning, symbol use, value judgements = ethical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Johannesen's ethical standards
________ perspectives: Dialogue vs. monologue |
|
|
Term
| PRSA Statement of Professional Values |
|
Definition
| Honesty, advocacy, expertise, independence (account for actions) loyalty, and fairness are examples of this.......... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 guiding principles
________ of message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 guiding principles
________ of persuader |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 guiding principles
_______ for audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 guiding principles
________ of persuasive appeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 guiding principles
___________________ for common good? |
|
|
