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| the facets of grace that sanctify, or make one holy. It is a gift from God that repairs the relationship between God and man that is destroyed by sin. |
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| A gift from God given to man so that they may love their neighbor, themselves, and God. It is a theological virtue, as without God and this gift loving one’s enemies would be impossible. |
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| theological/supernatural virtues (faith, hope, charity) infused by God through grace; heal people from original and actual sin and elevate humans |
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| the aspect of God’s gift of grace which elevates the human person above corrupted human nature. Grace lifts man above the restraints of humanity and towards a more divine nature, like loving your enemy/having faith in a God you cannot see. |
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| Imputation of Righteousness |
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| Upon repentance and belief in Christ, individuals are forensically declared righteous. This righteousness is not the believer's own, rather it is Christ's own righteousness 'imputed' to the believer. Catholics believe in infused righteousness through good works. |
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| a difference in interpretation of Scripture, for instance Catholics believe God offers salvation to all, while Calvin believed that justification is offered only to some based on different interpretations of the Bible. |
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| Awareness of history, different world views, etc.; people in Luther’s time did not have this awareness |
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| Granted remission or relief for all the punishments associated with sin after death; get time off in Purgatory; Luther and Calvin have a huge issue with these |
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| : WAS WHAT CALVIN BELIEVED DETERMINED WHO WAS GIVEN THE GIFT OF JUSTIFYING FAITH by God and who was not. He believed God to have chosen who would and wouldn’t receive faith, and therefore salvation, since the beginning of time, called Predestination. |
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| Substitutionary Penal Atonement |
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| the view that divine justice and divine mercy can coexist in one instance by Jesus stepping in for humanity; controversial view |
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| Love of God and everything else in relation to God; result of God’s gift |
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| what Hobbed believed all men must enter into, in order to give their power to the state, thereby allowing it to prevent corrupt human nature from returning to the war-like, brutal state of nature. This social contract has to be universal and strictly adhered to by all. |
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| the method for which Bacon criticized Aristotle, whereby deductions and inductions were used to jump from something small to some larger truth. Bacon believed Aristotle to push this too far/fast without full understanding. Process Aristotle used in order to know things. |
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| the process of gaining knowledge/understanding through senses and images and moving to opinions/generalizations. |
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| 1 of the 4 idols/biases bacon believed kept humans from the truth. Biases of individual men, formed through personal experiences/beliefs. |
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| the process/method used by Descartes, wherein one doubts everything until you can find something that cannot be doubted, and therefore know it must be certain, then building knowledge/theories from that foundation. |
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| questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which any given subject or entity can be known. |
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| was a movement concerned with reason of which Kant was a part. Tried to use logic and reason to work through philosophical dilemmas, didn’t rely solely on experiences like empiricist (i.e. Hume). |
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| an Ontological Argument, an argument for the existence of God |
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| are what Descartes strove to base his philosophy off of, as clarity/distinctness were necessary for truth |
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| was how Hume defined math and logic. 1 of 2 classes of objects of reason, the other being matters of fact. |
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| : what Hume believed were the only things we had, simply sensory perceptions of the things around us, of which we could not claim true knowledge, only experience. Impressions are a posteriori judgment that stem from experience and cannot be linked with knowledge. Vivid sense experiences. |
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| Kant’s name for acting in a way that your actions could become universal. For example, can’t lie because then everyone would lie and no one would believe anyone else. Actions must not be contradictory if followed universally in order to be moral. |
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| : is the morality based off a sense of duty and was part of Kant’s philosophy. One is duty-bound to behave with respect to categorical imperatives and the universal law so as to be moral. Proposes that men act not out of self-interest but purely duty, and this is the most moral course of action. Acting out of respect/duty for moral law. |
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| refers to Rousseau. It is the idea that humans in the state of nature are very different from what they are now. Civilization has alienated humans from their true selves. In the state of nature, we are compassionate and peaceful- in civilized society, we are egoists and caught up in selfish concerns. |
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| refers to Hume. We cannot know reality because we cannot sense causality. But we can have strong sentiments that something is true. |
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