Personality trait:

Dimension of personality:

Open to experiences:

Conscientiousness:

Extraversion:

Agreeableness:

Neuroticism:

3 structures of personality

Id-selfish, primitive, impulsive, irrational; operates according to pleasure principle (devil on shoulder)

Ego-mediator; operates according to reality principle, mediates between id and superego

Superego-moral part of personality, conscience; very guilt ridden person (angel on shoulder)

Level of awareness

Conscious: whatever youre thinking of now, whatever youre aware of

Precosncious: memories not part of current thought, but can be brought to mind if need arises

Unconscious: key element of theory;thoughts, desires, and impulses of which we are largely unaware; slips into our consciousness when we are not aware (i.e. dreams)

Freudian slips: Slip of the tongue, says something you don't mean (like calling teacher ‘mom’)

Sigmund Freud

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory:

Psychosexual stages: You experience excessive gratification, or not enough of it (frustration), you get “stuck” in that stage

Fixation = excessive gratification or frustration

Baby weaned too early (from oral stage) will tend to hold onto things as an adult in order to avoid repeating the traumatic weaning experience; they will collect things, greedy; acquiring things, fame, money – substitute for something you’re really missing, love.

If your parent is very strict when your being toilet trained, you might retaliate by intentional soiling yourself. As you grow older, you do other things that substitute soiling yourself; being messyàway of retaliating  (anal expulsive)

If parents were happy and encouraging as you're training - over organized; budget your time (Anal retentive)

If parents praise child as they are training, child thinks that it is of value; become very generous and giving

If over praise, child thinks they lost something of great value; become cheap and thrifty

Oedipal crisis-dealing with oedipalà young boy wants to kill father and marry mother-old Greek story about a guy who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother; à girls want to kill mother to be with father.

Freud believed as result of oedipal experience, boys experience castration anxiety, they feel like their father knows boy wants to get rid of father, so the dad wants to castrate them.

Girls have “penis envy”à all girls feel inferior to boys b/c they don’t have a penis and blame their mom for not having it and love their dad because he has one.

To cope with this, kids come to terms they can’t remove the father/mother and try to be as much like the parent as possible.

i.e. boy knows he cant get rid of dad, so he tries to be as much like dad as possible to attract a woman like his mom.

Latency-no erotic pleasure, start going to school, expanding social contact

Genital-erotic focus, again, is genitals

Unconscious mind is composed of two layerà personal and collective

Collective unconsciousà the unconscious that is shared by all of humanity across time and geography; “proof” was archetypes-emotionally charged images and ideas that have universal meaning

First one to explain intro/extroversion personalities

Another follower of Freud – our primary motivation is to strive for superiority, to make ourselves the best we can be.

All of us feel inferior, born feeling that way-we’re small as a child; way we come over inferior is compensation, by developing our abilities.

When we have too much inferiority-we develop inferior complex, we over compensate, go overboard in trying to get over that feeling

i.e. somebody who is short, who has inferior complex over being small will act big (napoleon complex) to compensate their height.

Pros

The unconscious

The role of internal conflict

The importance of early childhood experiences

Cons

Poor testability

Inadequate empirical evidence

Sexist views

Projective Tests:

Vague, ambiguous stimuli

Blank canvas onto which people project hidden emotions and internal conflicts

Rorschach inkblot test

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Skinnerà Environment determinism-your environment determines your personality (nurture)

Banduraà -focus on cognitive processes, your thoughts have an influence on who and what you become

Pros

Based on rigorous research

Insights into effects of learning and environmental factors

Cons

Over-dependence on animal research

Dehumanizing views

Rogersà Founder of humanist movement, 1950

1879à first year psychology became science people studied

Person Centered Theoryà matters what the person thinks, no talk of unconscious, no talk of environmental factors

Views personality as ‘Self concept’à collection of beliefs of how you view yourself

Self-actualization theory: the way you become a self-actualized person is by answering yes to more of the questions (self-actualization quiz)

Human motives in pyramid (hierarchy of needs)

Humanistic perspectives - it matters what you think

Freud- what you had to say didn’t really matter

Behaviorist - just made decision off of your behaviors

Eysenck -stressed genetic origin of personality; how genetics influences your personality

             -Personality can be characterized along just 3 dimensions (Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism)

Someone who ranks high on psychoticism is egocentric, impulsive, antisocial

Someone who ranks high on neuroticism is anxious, tense, insecure,

Nature to the extreme

Proved by twin studies