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| The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
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| The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
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| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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| The body structure (ovaries, testes, & external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |
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| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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| Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, & body hair. |
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| Kohlberg's theory- Most children have preconventional morality of self interest. Obey either to avoid punishment or to gain reward. |
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| Early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for other and upholds laws and social roles simply bc. |
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| Post-Conventional Morality |
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| Some of those who develop abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to 3rd level (winning approval). Post conventional morality affirms people's agreed rights. |
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Ones sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and intergrating various roles.
> Teens play dif. roles depending on who they're with. Forge identity like or against parents. |
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Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relatioships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence early adulthood.
>Must have identity before relationship of true intimacy |
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Begins to come into play during adolescence.
>Start to question teacher and parents |
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| Time of natural cessation of menstruation, also refers to the bio. changes a woman experiences as her ability reproduce declines. |
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Progressive and irreversible brain disorder, characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning.
>Due to lack of ACH (acetycholine): deterioration of terminal branches and ACH to reach the hippocampus |
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| Study in which people of diff ages are compared w/ eachother |
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Study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
>Ex. "Up" series where people are followed for 50+ years |
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| One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age |
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One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood
(bc of fixation) |
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The culturally preferred timing of social events
-Marriage, parenthood, retirement |
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| An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind. |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. |
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| According to Freud, a resovoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we do not understand. |
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| Contains a resovoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification |
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| The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demand of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the Reality Principle satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
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| The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized, ideas and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations. |
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| The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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| According to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
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| According to Freud, lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| When an individual is faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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| Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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| Disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions |
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| Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. As when redirecting anger towards a safer outlet. |
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| Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited, resovoir of memory traces from our species' history. |
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| A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed ot trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) |
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| A projective test in which people express their inner deeling and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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| The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots that seeks to indetify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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| Proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
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| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| According to Rogers, and attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question
Who am I? |
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| A characteristic pattern of behavior/ a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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| Questionnaire on which people repond to times designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) |
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Personality test assesses abnormal personality tendencies and emotional disorders. Unlike projective test, personality inventories are scored objectively.
>Lie scale built in |
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| Developed by testing large pool of items and selcting those that discriminate between groups. |
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| Building blocks of personality |
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| Aren't as obvious, or consistent as primary |
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Some people have which practically describe their lives
> Scrooge(greed), Joan of Arc(heroic self-sacrifice), Mother Teresa(religious service) |
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Tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate
>horoscopes, palm readings |
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| Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's 5 Stages of Dying |
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Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance |
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| They placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind both in interpreting experience and coping with environment |
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| Adler said that our behaviors as children are driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority (inferiority complex). Social tensions (not sexual) were the key to personality developing. |
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-Sought to balance Freud's masculine biases.
-Said childhoof anxiety, caused by a dependent sense of helplessness triggers our desire for love and security.
-Disagreed w/ penis envy (women struggle bc they don't have what men do) |
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-Said we have collective unconscious
-Jungian theory helped produce the Myers Briggs: Feeling v. Thinking
Introverted v. Extroverted
Intuition v. Sensing
Judging v. Perspective |
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Extraversion/ Introversion
Emotional Stability/Instability |
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Somatotype Theory
Endomorph (fat) friendly & outgoing
Ectomorph (thin) shy & secretive
Mesomorph (muscular) aggressive |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Self Actualization: process of fulfilling potent.
Esteem
Love & Belonging
Safety
Physiological |
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| Transform unacceptable impulse into something socially valued |
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| Emphasizing personal strengths in one area to shift focus from failure in another area |
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| Refusing to accept an obvious situation bc of the pain it causes |
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| Assoc. w/ people of higher status to increase your own status |
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| Describing painful or emotional personal in academic or philisophical terms |
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