Term
| Skinner's description of behaviorism |
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Definition
| our best attempt in psychology is to become and empirical science |
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Definition
| Can't be scene so they don't exist, they do not cause behavior because they cannot be measured |
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Definition
| learning in which the rate of responding is influenced by the consequences that follow |
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Definition
| increases the rate of responding, can be positive or negative |
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Definition
| increases behavior by adding something |
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| increases behavior by taking something away |
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| to decrease behavior by adding an adverse stimuli |
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Definition
| Reduction of rate of responding when reinforcement ends |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement of successive approximations of a response to increase the frequency of a response that originally has a zero base rate |
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Term
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Definition
| operant conditioning for developing sequences of responses by teaching the last one, then adding to the next to last and so on, witch each response producing the stimuli that controls the next response (think of the rats learning to an obstacle course backwards) |
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Definition
| learning to respond differentially, depending on environmental stimuli |
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Definition
| responding to stimuli that were not present during learning as though they were the discriminative stimuli present during learning (like teaching your dog to bark when you say speak, it’ll probably bark when you say spit, it reacts to stimuli that is close to the original stimuli) |
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Term
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Definition
o Shaping
o Chaining
o Discrimination Learning
o Generalization |
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Definition
o Continuing reinforcement: every response is reinforced
o Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcement sometimes |
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Definition
| every response is reinforced |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuing reinforcement (pros and cons) |
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Definition
every response is reinforced
• Pro: learn quickly
• Con: extinction |
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Definition
Reinforcement sometimes
• Pro: intrinsic motivation is developed
• Con: slower learning |
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Definition
Pavlov Conditioning
o Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response with a conditioned stimulus to get a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of learning principles to therapy |
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Term
| What is Skinner? (his beliefs on agency) |
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Definition
| Skinner is a reductionist he doesn’t allow for agency and he underestimates the genetics and the biology of a person |
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Term
| Behaviors are reflective of |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic Behavioral Repertoires |
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Definition
learned behaviors fundamental to later learning of more complex behavior in 3 categories:
• Emotional-Motivational
• Language-cognitive repertoire
• Sensor-Motor Repertoire |
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Term
| Emotional-Motivational Repertoires |
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Definition
| each person reacts differently to stimuli based on environment, some are biological (like fear and hunger) and they motivate behavior |
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Term
| Language-Cognitive Repertoire |
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Definition
| intellectual skills like language are learned |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 fundamental concepts of learning |
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Definition
o Drive
o Cue
o Response
o Reward |
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Term
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Definition
a motivational “a strong stimulus which impels action”
• Primary: physical needs (like hunger and thirst)
• Secondary: learned (need for money) |
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Definition
| physical needs (like hunger and thirst) |
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Definition
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Definition
| a discriminative stimuli that a person notices, which provides a discriminative stimulus for learning (cues determine when he will respond, where he will respond, and which responses he will make) |
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Term
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Definition
what a person does (a learned reaction to a stimulant)
• Response hierarchy: list all of the responses a person could make in a given situation, arranged from most likely to least likely
• Dominant Response: a person’s most likely response in a given situation
• Resultant hierarchy: a response hierarchy after it has been modified by learning (when the dominant response is blocked (by bribing or threatening a child) next most likely response is given and if that is rewarded that becomes the dominant response, causing the whole hierarchy to change |
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Term
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Definition
| list all of the responses a person could make in a given situation, arranged from most likely to least likely |
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Term
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Definition
| person’s most likely response in a given situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a response hierarchy after it has been modified by learning (when the dominant response is blocked (by bribing or threatening a child) next most likely response is given and if that is rewarded that becomes the dominant response, causing the whole hierarchy to change |
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Term
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Definition
what a person gets as a result of a response in the learning sequence, which strengthens responses because of it’s drive reducing effect
• Drive reduction is reinforcing, “reward is impossible in the absence of drive" |
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Term
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Definition
o Learning dilemma
o Extinction
o Spontaneous recovery
o Stimulus generalization
o Discrimination
o Gradient of Reward
o Gradient of Punishment
o Anticipatory Responses |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of responses to occur earlier and earlier in the behavior sequence (because of reward) |
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Term
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Definition
| the greater weakening of responses that are most closely followed by punishment; that is, delayed punishment is less effective that immediate punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| the greater strengthening of responses that are immediately followed by reward; that is delayed reward is less effective than immediate reward |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which existing responses are not rewarded, which leads to change |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in the frequency of a non rewarded response |
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Definition
| return of a response that was previously extinguished |
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Definition
| occurrence of a response to a stimulus other than the one that was a cue during learning |
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Definition
| responding to only particular cues |
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Definition
o Same behavior
o Copying
o Matched dependent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a person’s behavior being the same as that of a model, considering the cues and reinforcements as well as the responses |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to behave in the same way as a model, but not in response to the same cues as a model, in order to be rewarded by perceived similarity to the model (the reward is usually copying) |
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Term
| MAtched dependent behavior |
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Definition
| learning to make the same response as a model, in response to a cue from the model |
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Term
| 4 training periods of Childhood |
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Definition
o Feeding (oral)
o Cleanliness training (anal)
o Early sex training (phallic)
o Anger-anxiety conflicts (frustrated nature of childhood) |
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Term
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Definition
o Approach-avoidance
o Avoidance-avoidance
o Approach-approach
o Double Approach-avoidance |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict in which an organism simultaneously wishes to approach and to avoid the same goal because the same course of action will lead to both reward and punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict in which the person must choose between 2 goals both of which it finds undesirable but is forced to make a decision |
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Definition
| where one wishes to approach two incompatible goals (must make a decision between two goods) |
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Term
| Double Approach-Avoidance |
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Definition
| conflict where one must chose between two options, both of which have positive and negative aspects |
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Term
| Frustration- Aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always caused by frustration |
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Definition
| obstacles interfere with drive reduction |
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Definition
| behavior intended to injure the person with drive reduction |
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Definition
| letting off steam (medicate) completely ineffective |
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Definition
| a is learned way of avoiding anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| willful control of thinking, purposely putting thoughts out of consciousness |
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Definition
| the mismatch between intuition and science, intuition saying people are the same across contexts but empirical science saying they are not |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the interacting mutual influences of the person, the environment, and the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive structures and sub functions for perceiving, evaluating, and regulating behavior (Key idea: regulates behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| believing that one can organize and execute given courses of action required to deal with prospective situations |
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Term
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Definition
o Modeling: learning by observing others; also called vicarious learing
o Vicarious learning: learning by observing others, without being directly rewarded oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| learning by observing others; also called vicarious learning |
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Term
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Definition
| learning by observing others, without being directly rewarded oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| a person’s concept for predicting events (personal theories used to predict the future) |
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Term
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Definition
Just as a scientist uses theories to plan observations, a person uses personal constructs to predict what will happen in life. Like a scientist seeking a theory with maximum predictive ability, the person tries to develop concepts that will make personal life most predictable, especially within relationships. Accurate predictions permit control. The person like the scientist finds that predictions are not always confirmed by experience, so he or she must sometimes make revise these personal concepts.
o Humans are bad scientists because scientists look to prove their theories wrong, while man looks to prove ourselves right a real scientists look to prove themselves wrong and if that is not possible it is accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| people behave in anticipation of events |
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Term
| Constructive Alternativism |
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Definition
the assumption that people can interpret the world in variety of ways
o “We assume that all our present interpretations of the universe are subject to revision or replacement.”
o Fundamental postulate: the main assumption stressing the importance of psychological constructs (our processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events)
• Validation: occurs when events occur as anticipated |
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Term
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Definition
the main assumption stressing the importance of psychological constructs (our processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events)
• Validation: occurs when events occur as anticipated |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when events occur as anticipated |
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Term
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Definition
| people anticipate replications of events |
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Definition
| a person’s construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events (people change with experience, people use and revise their personal constructs) |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement saying people chose the pole of a construct that promises to extend the construct system |
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Term
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Definition
the permeability of a construct sets limits to construction possibilities
o Permeable Construct: a construct that can be extended to include new limits
o Concrete Constructs: a construct that cannot be extended to include new elements |
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Term
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Definition
| a construct that can be extended to include new limits |
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Definition
| a construct that cannot be extended to include new elements |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a hierarchal relationship among constructs |
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Term
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Definition
| constructs are bipolar (likeness end is most used and the contrast end shows how people are different) |
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Term
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Definition
| people are inconsistent because a person might employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other |
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Term
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Definition
a construct applies only to some events, not to all
o Range of convenience: the events to which a construct applies |
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Term
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Definition
| the events to which a construct applies |
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Term
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Definition
| different people use different constructs |
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Term
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Definition
| people are similar when one uses the a construction of experience which is similar to another person’s constructions of experience, their psychological processes are similar |
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Term
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Definition
| Help people reconstrue their constructs |
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Term
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Definition
3 step process leading to effective action (within any person when making a decision about how to act)
o Circumspection: various constructs are explored
o Preemption: selecting a construct to use
o Control: the way in which the person acts |
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Term
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Definition
| various constructs are explored |
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Term
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Definition
| selecting a construct to use |
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Definition
| the way in which the person acts |
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Term
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Definition
| the more constructs you have the more healthy you are |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding one another is necessary for health relationships |
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Term
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Definition
the force for growth driven by our valuing process that is innate!
o Driven by the organismic valuing process: evaluate our experience for it’s growth potential (guides us to growth potentials) |
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Term
| Organismic Valuing process |
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Definition
drives our actualizing tendency and evaluate our experience for it’s growth potential (guides us to growth potentials)
• Mechanism for actualizing tendency
• Draws on experience
• Evaluates and pulls people towards experiences that are good for us |
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Term
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Definition
| Roger’s term for a mentally health person (they follow their innate process) |
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Term
| Characteristics of a fully functioning Person |
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Definition
o Openness to Experience
o Existential living
o Organismic Trusting
o Experiential Freedom |
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Term
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Definition
receptive to the subjective and objective happenings of life (their life and the lives of others, plus they can see reality for what it is)
• No defense mechanisms used
• Tolerate ambiguity: open to reality of experiences |
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Definition
| evaluate that moment in an objective way |
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Definition
| following our own organismic process (trusting your gut) |
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Definition
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| accepting and valuing someone without certain behaviors being a prerequiste |
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Term
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Definition
o Client knows that’s best for them
o Unconditional positive regard, from the therapist: accept but do not condone (also called prizing)
o Therapist is just a facilitator
o Congruence: the therapist must behave consistently with the therapist’s own inner experiences, the therapist should be genuine and transparent so the client can see inside the therapists experiences
o Empathic understanding: a therapist must seek to understand the subjective experiences of a client (if the client is sad the therapist must feel that sadness
• Reflective listening: implies you’re listening and promotes trust |
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Term
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Definition
| the therapist must behave consistently with the therapist’s own inner experiences, the therapist should be genuine and transparent so the client can see inside the therapists experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapist must seek to understand the subjective experiences of a client (if the client is sad the therapist must feel that sadness |
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Definition
| implies you’re listening and promotes trust |
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Term
| Father of Positive Psychology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| problem centered not method centered |
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Term
| What psychology did Maslow create? What kind of data? |
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Definition
Existentialism, an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Qualitative data |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs (most basic to least basic) |
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Definition
physiological
safety
belongingness and love
esteem |
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Term
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secure in your environment (physically, for the future, and about yourself) |
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Term
Hierarchy of needs
Belongingness and love |
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Definition
| receive and give love and affection |
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Term
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Definition
| respect and acceptance from others and for yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation at the lower levels of development |
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Term
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Definition
| higher level of motivation in which the need for self actualization predominates |
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Term
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Definition
| motivated by needs at the top of the hierarcy |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Efficient Perception of Reality |
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Definition
| realistically interprets their environment, not easily faked (critical thinkers) |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Autonomy |
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Definition
| not dependent on the world for satisfaction |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Need for Privacy |
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Definition
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Acceptance |
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Definition
| accept the bad and the good of human nature and your environment (tolerant) |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristics
Problem Centered |
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Definition
| focus on problems outside themselves, they are problem centered, not self centered |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristics
Spontaneity |
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Definition
| in touch with inner impulses and subjective experience (not unconventional and true to yourself) |
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Term
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Definition
| health is more than the absences of disease, it is the inclusion of happiness |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Humility and Respect |
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Definition
| they are humble and feel they can learn from all people |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Interpersonal Relationships |
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Definition
| have deep relationships with a few people rather than many superficial relationships |
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Term
Self Actualizing characteristic
Freshness of appreciation |
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Definition
| appreciate nuisances of life |
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Term
Self Actualization Characteristic
Peak Experiences |
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Definition
| mystical states of consciousness, characteristic of most but not all self-actualized people |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Human kinship |
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Definition
| identify with all peoples of the Earth |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Ethics and Values |
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Definition
| strong ethical standards (their standards aren’t always the conventional right or wrong) but they believe and stick to their own uniqueness |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Ends and Means |
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Definition
| focus on the ends not the means |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
SEnse of Humor |
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Definition
| don’t laugh at other people’s expense (overall they are more serious people) |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Creative |
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Definition
| always present in a self actualized person |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Resistance to enculturation |
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Definition
| don’t adjust to society at the expense of their own character |
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Term
Self Actualizing Characteristic
Resolution of Dichotomies |
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Definition
| they are able to deal with ambiguity, there is an adequate fusion between self-interest and social interest |
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Term
Characteristics of a Self Actualized Person
(name 5) |
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Definition
o Efficient perception of Reality
o Acceptance
o Spontaneity
o Problem centered
o Need for privacy
o Autonomy
o Freshness of appreciation
o Peak Experiences
o Human kinship
o Humility and Respect
o Interpersonal relationships
o Ethics and values
o Ends and Means
o Sense of humor
o Creative
o Resistance to enculturation
o Resolution of Dichotomies |
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Term
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Definition
| valuing selected aspects of personality theories without accepting any one theory completely |
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Term
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Definition
• Enables people to avoid criticisms of any one theory
• Allows for open mindedness
• Enables one to use several techniques (in therapy and whatnot)
• Avoids stereotypes and criticisms that come with adhering to one theory
• Widely applicable
• You get a lot of cool tools to use in your toolbox |
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Term
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Definition
• Closed to the possibility of one sufficient theory
• Can’t avoid having one underlying theory or assumption by which you choose which concepts to include
• Fails to be truly open-minded because it is close-minded to the possibility of one single theory being right
• The “best” theory to use or apply is determined by personal biases |
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Term
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Definition
1. Technical: uses the empirical side to determine which is best (EST)
2. Unsystematic: techniques that you think work because of your personal beliefs, not empirically supported |
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Term
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Definition
• Scientific evidence is used to decide which is best
• ESTs – empirically supported treatments
• Tends to favor methods/concepts which lend themselves to empirical validation |
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Term
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Definition
| empirically supported treatments used in technical eclecticism |
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Term
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Definition
| Bag of tricks approach – based more on techniques that seem to work according to your personal values, not necessarily empirically supported |
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Term
| Alternative to Eclecticism |
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Definition
| Theoretical Methodological Pluralism: accepting several theories as a whole without disregarding the potential efficacy of others |
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Term
| Theoretical Methodological Pluralism |
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Definition
| accepting many theories as a whole without disregarding the potential efficacy of other theories |
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Term
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Definition
| an image that calls attention to the immediate, direct forces that determine personality and behavior (like a decisive determinism physical objects through space) |
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Term
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Definition
| an image that calls attention to the potential for growth and form that is inherent within every person, nurtured by growth-producing circumstances (personality compared to the growth of plants and animals) |
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Term
| Information-Processing Metaphor |
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Definition
| an image that calls attention to the cognitive aspects of personality, which can take many forms and therefore can produce many personality outcomes (like computer programs that can develop and change over time) |
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Term
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Definition
| calls attention to the stories people create that give meaning and direction to their lives (Personality is a story of our lives) |
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Term
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Definition
calls attention to the higher order characteristics of purpose and will that are produced by the culmination of lower order deterministic forces (like robots from sci fi, people are naturally deterministic but then will is developed)
• Teleological: focuses on the attention people are moving towards rather than the past forces determining the present |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the attention people are moving towards rather than the past forces determining the present |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the shared experiences of people, it is not limited by their individual separateness |
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