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| the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and motives that characterize an individual |
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| two components of personality |
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1. Individual differences – uniqueness part of the definition
2. Consistency – |
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a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
friendly, neuroticisms, extraversion |
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behavioral thresholds-
ex: |
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the point at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one
Ex: Getting embarssed easily you have a low threshold. |
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| Nature or nurture develops personality? |
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| o Personality traits evolved as a adaptive behavioral response to problems regarding survival and reproduction |
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Nature evolves personality thru:
ex: |
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Natural Selection- passing on genes that are able to survive
Someone super neurotic (spooked easily) (low threshold) and will go hide and survive where someone more adventurous will be attacked by a lion and will be killed
Genes best equiped for the specific enviornment move on |
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| What is it called when we choose our mates based on sexual attraction to them? |
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| 2 methods Behavioral geneticists study relationship between genes and personality: |
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| Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach Twin-adoption studies |
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| Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach |
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a technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
Qualitive bc theres levels of traits |
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Most basic personality traits are explained about 50% by genetics
Not as popular now bc twins aren’t seperated |
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| Genes make up about 50% of the personality traits, but what about the other 50%? Three sources |
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Shared Environment – your parents, home life, same siblings
Unshared environment- friends, different teachers
Error |
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the biologically based disposition to behave in certain ways (we’re born with environment influences/promotes to shape)
Mother’s stress levels may influence infant’s stress response |
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| o Extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and psychoticism exist across -- and make up -- |
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| Extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness |
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| 5 theories of personality: |
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Definition
1. Psychoanalytic theories
2. Humanistic theories
3. Social-cognitive learning theories
4. Trait theories
5. Biological theories |
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| Which theory is associated with Freud? |
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| Main assumption of the psychoanalytic theory |
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| personality resides in the unconscious, and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality. |
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| psychoanalytic theory people: |
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| Freud, Adler, Jung, Horney |
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| What did freud say in the psychoanalytic theory? |
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| 3 layers of consciousness |
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| what are freud's 3 layers of consciousness |
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Definition
1. Conscious- what we are aware of at any given moment
2. Preconscious- what you could recall if asked “what did you have for bfast this morning” you’re not constantly thinking about, but you can think about it easily
3. Unconscious- (FREUD extreme focus)- contains all drives, urges, or instincts that are outside of our awareness but motivate most speech, thoughts, feelings or actions. |
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| What level are freudian slips under? |
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| Which level was freud's extreme focus? |
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| what are the 3 components to unconsciousness? |
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who has the 3 components of the unconscious?
Healthiest people vs over impulsive |
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everyone has these 3 components but different amount of each one. Healthiest people have an ego that balances between id and superego. (Ego is biggest)
Overimpulsive ppl id> ego >superego |
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| the seat of impulse and desire, pleasure principle. Means “it” in latin. |
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| a sense of self, in direct contact with the outside world. Means “I” in latin. Reality principle |
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| monitors and controls behaviors. Moralistic principle. |
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| unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way. |
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| types of defense mechanisms- |
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repression
reaction formation
projection
sublimation |
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| the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. |
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| how does repressed thoughts find a way out? |
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| thru conscious thought via freudian slips or make our way into consciousness in dreams and neurotic behavior. (especially when trama happened early in childhood) |
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turns an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite
Ex: Homophobic ppl to the extreme actually tend to have homosexual feelings themselves. Instead they act the complete opposite |
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the denial of particular ideas, feelings, or impulses, and projection of them onto others.
ex-You’re married and thinking about cheating, you start accusing husband of cheating. |
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• Sublimation- involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in an acceptable way. (Freud said it was healthy)
Architects, musicians all use creative energy instead of sexual energy |
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| Freud didn’t support his ideas with research that was replicable. (Case Studies, not replicable, but still generalized it) |
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Importance of early childhood experiences
Clinical observations (defense mechanisms)
Symbolism (in dreams) |
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| Did Alder agree with Freud with his view of psychoanalytic theories? |
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Definition
| Adler disagreed with Freud on the major motives behind behavior. (Freud said motives was sex) |
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| What was alder's view on psychoanalytic theories |
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Definition
striving for superiority
inferiority complex
birth order |
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humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies.
Compensation |
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| an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency. (Napolean Complex-he was short) |
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| Alder believed birth order shaped |
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| What did Jung believe about psychoanalytic theories- |
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| Two distinct forms of unconscious Introversion and Extraversion |
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| What Two distinct forms of unconscious did Jung believe? |
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Definition
| personal and collective unconscious |
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| form that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives (similar to Freud) |
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| form that consists of the shared experiences of our ancestors. |
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| the state of tendency toward being predominantly concerned with one’s own mental life. |
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| the act state or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from the environment. |
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main assumption of humanistic theories
focused on: |
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Definition
we have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible
Focus on studying people who are highly functioning |
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| humanistic theories are associated with |
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Definition
| Maslow (hierarchy of needs and motivations) and Rodgers. |
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| maslow's humanistic theory |
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Definition
Hierarchy of needs and self-actualization.
15 different characteristics including:
Refers to ppl who have reached self- actualization, highly successful ppl. |
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| describe people who have reached self actualization: |
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Definition
Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness
Problem-centered
Creativity
Deep interpersonal relations (few close friends)
Resistance to enculturation. (think for themselves, not easily influenced) |
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| Rodgers Humanistic Theories differ from Maslow's by: |
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Definition
| using specific measurable ways of defing self actualization |
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| Rodgers Humanistic Theories based on |
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| congruence between real and ideal self |
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Real Self- Im nice to people, i have friends. (who you are)
Ideal Self- I want to be smart (who you want to be/envision yourself) |
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| modern movement based on the work of Maslow and Rogers that focuses on positive states experiences |
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| examples of positive psychology |
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| optimism, hope, creavtivy, spirituality |
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| how do the humanistic theories of rodgers nad maslow differ? |
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| Theories differ in that Rodgers are based on research, Maslow was more speculation, assumption, observation. |
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main assumption of the social cognitive learning theories
Associated with? |
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Definition
A person’s behavior changes in different situations
Associated with Mischel |
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| example of social cognitive learning theories |
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Definition
Stanford Marshmallow Experient
If you wait you can have 2, or you can eat it now. |
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| Main assumption of Trait Theories |
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Definition
| Main assumption: traits are the major force behind personality |
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| Trait theories are associated with |
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Definition
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| (BELIEVED THE TRAITS WERE BIOLOGICALLY BASED) |
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| What is the big 5/ 5 factor model? |
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| a theory that proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality |
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Definition
• Openness- trying new things
• Conscientiousness- how organized thoughts are,
• Extraversion- how sociable
• Aggreeableness- friendly, warm
• Neuroticisms – anxious, tense |
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| What are basic tendencies? |
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essence of personality
Includes big five and talents aptitudes and cognitive abilities |
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| Main assumption of Biological theories |
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Definition
| we have a biological foundation for our personality traits |
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| biological theories are associated with: |
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Definition
| Eysnck (moved this theory forward, but completely insync with the trait theories of mccrae and costa |
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| Biological theories had 3 dimensions of personality: |
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Definition
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Psychoticism (openess, consc, and aggree under this) |
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| Biological theory says personality is caused by: |
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Definition
genes
neurochemistry
central nervous system |
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Definition
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| 4 methods to measure personality: |
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Definition
behavior observation
interviewing
projective
questionaires |
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