Term
| Who did Skinner experiment on? |
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Definition
Rats and pigeons
because of simple behavior |
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Term
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Definition
behavior can be controlled by what follows the behavior
whoever controls reinforcers has power |
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Term
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Definition
a response made by a specific stimulus
unlearned
automatic/involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
learned respondent behavior
when one action is substituted to create the same response |
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Term
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Definition
| operates on the environment as changes it |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner box; lever with food |
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Term
| schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| patterns/rates of providing/withholding reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
after a certain amount of time passes, the first response is the one that is given the reinforcement
has nothing to do with number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcement only given after a certain number of responses
(pay is determined on piece-rate ratio)
depends on how often the subject responds |
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Term
| variable interval response |
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Definition
determined by random appearance
(fishing) |
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Term
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Definition
average number of responses between reinforcers, but extreme variability
slot machines
enduring responses that tend to resist extinction |
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Term
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Definition
how children learn to speak
reinforcement as behavior comes in successive, or consecutive stages to approximate the final desired behavior |
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Term
| self-administered satiation |
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Definition
| over smoking to gross self out |
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Term
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Definition
frequency of behaviors
situations in which the behavior occurs
reinforcement associated with the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
learning new responses by observing behavior of others
all behavior can be learned without reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
learning/strengthening behavior by observing others, and the consequences of their behaviors, rather than experiencing it directly
most human behavior is learned through example: accidentally/purposefully |
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Term
effects of society's models:
3 main factors that impact how effective/ineffective we are |
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Definition
modeling situation
(similarity, age, prestige, sex, status)
model
observer
(self confidence/esteem - low levels are more likely to model behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
set of cognitive processes/structures with thought/perception
administer rewards/punishments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gives up easily
what i do wont change anything |
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Term
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Definition
ability to perform multiple tasks
higher ability levels |
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Term
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Definition
| prior achievements/failures |
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Term
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Definition
seeing others perform successfully
"maybe i can do it too" |
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Term
developmental stages of modeling and self-efficacy
(childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, old age) |
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Definition
based on modeling
infancy - immediate initiation
2-sometimes, not right away
teen-coping w new demands/transitions
adults-middleaged reevaluate self
old-reassessment difficult, tend to lose efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| modify behaviors society considered undesirable/inappropriate |
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Term
| what technique was used to eliminate fears/emotional reactions? |
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Definition
MODELING.
desentization technique
guided participation
covert modeling (rubber snake) |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors are controlled by the individual (through cognitive processes), and by the environment (through external social stimulus events) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior is determined through interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental variables |
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Term
Bandura and human nature:
nature vs nurture?
individuality vs universality |
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Definition
indivs create own environment
abnormals can be changed by behavior mod
behaviors are learned, genetic factors play a minor role
(clumsy vs graceful child upbringing) |
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Term
| men vs women: self efficacy rates |
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Definition
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Term
| gender differences peak in: |
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Definition
| 20's and then decline in later years |
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Term
| self efficacy: increases vs decreases w/ age |
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Definition
| increases through childhood & early adulthood, peaks in middle age, and then declines after age 60 |
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Term
| M vs. W - whats most important factor of feelings in control? |
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Definition
| physical appearance causes increased feeling of control in life than did their levels of self-esteem or health |
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Term
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Definition
| higher grades, confidence, gpa, health, pain tolerance, emotional adjustment |
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Term
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Definition
| source of reinforcement can have a considerable influence on our behavior |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
own behaviors influence them
firm grasp on life
perform at highter levels
less persuasive/influential
place higher value on skills
less anxiety
high levels of physical/mental health |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
believe in other people/fate/luck
no control over things that happen in their lives
rarely act upon bad things that happen in their lives
(why try when its out of my hands) |
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Term
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Definition
Internal-External Scale
Rotter
self-report inventories
select from pair which most describes beliefs |
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Term
| boys vs. girls = who scores higher on internal locus of control? |
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Definition
girls!
starts in teenage years - begins to understand consequences of their own actions earlier than boys |
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Term
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Definition
| high internal when it comes to academics |
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Term
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Definition
domestically abused - high external
recently divorced=high external, and gradually gains internal |
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Term
| When does locus peak? Elderly? |
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Definition
| Peaks at middle age; Elderly have high internal |
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Term
| Socio-Economic Status vs locus of control |
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Definition
high external in lower areas
differences between races vs. location |
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Term
| Individualistiv vs. collectivist cultures |
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Definition
indiv = less impacted, self reliant
collectivist = coll., involvement relationships, family - high external influence in life |
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Term
| Behavioral: Internally Oriented |
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Definition
daydream about success
process more information
freedom in life
popular/self-esteem ^/smarter
less likely to have emotional problems/alcoholics/less likely to have anxiety/depression/suicide |
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Term
| Physical health differences - internally oriented people |
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Definition
physically healther
more likely to wear seat-belts
exercise
quit smoking
believe they can overcome illness |
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Term
| Strong relationship between locus of control and self-efficiacy |
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Definition
l.o.c = generalized over many situations
s.e = situation-specific
Rotter's research provides considerable empirical support for findings |
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Term
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Definition
| need for varied, novel, and complex sensations/experiences, largely hereditary |
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Term
Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)
4 types |
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Definition
1.Thrill/adventure (speed/danger)
2.Experience (new life/travel/art)
3.Disinhibitions(drugs/sex-release w/ acts)
4.Boredom (discontent w routine/predictability) |
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Term
| In the U.S, who has high vs low SSS? |
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Definition
Whites have highest
Asians have lowest |
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Term
| Learned helplessness in elderly people |
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Definition
| elderly in nursing home facilities are happier when given control/power to make decisions for themselves |
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Term
| L.H. and emotional health |
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Definition
| indivs w more control=better psych. adjusted |
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