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| fundamental psychological processes |
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| biological system that provice building blocks for behaviors |
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| manner in which we choose situations to enter |
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| reactions we produce in others (unintentionally) |
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| intentional attepts to influence others |
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| general characteristics that are distributed in population |
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| same results over and over again |
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| measure what the test is suppose to |
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| generalize for the public |
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| identifying the most important traits (encoding by language) |
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| Large pool pf personalities, goal is to identify major dimensions |
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| start with a theory then determine which variables are important |
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| Eysenks Hierarchical Model |
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3 traits that are highly heritable
1) Extroversion
2) Neuroticism-Emotional Stability
3) Psychoticism |
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scale to assess traits.
-interpersonal traits
(love & status) |
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OCEAN
1) openness
2) conscientiousness
3) Extraversion
4) Agreeableness
5) Neuroticism |
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| Enduring Personality Changes |
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| changes internal not changes from environment |
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increases with age.
peak: 18-20
Falls: 20 |
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decrease from 40-50
**possible correlations with decr. in estrogen |
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| complete set of genes 30-80,000 |
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| Goals of Behavioral Genetics |
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-determine what % of trait is attributed to genetics
-ways genetics and environment factors relate |
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| indiv. tendencies to express a trait, behvior activated under certain environment condition |
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| Positive Correlations between biological parents and adoptive parents---> environmental and genetic assumptions |
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| traditonalism and neuroticism very HIGH |
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1)Context (environment) (PARTY)
2) Personality Characteristic (introvert)
3) Psychological Response ("o-shit")
4) Physiological Indicator |
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| Neuroticism (Brain Activity) |
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more stimulation in frontal to negative images
-more impact from punishment |
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| Extroversion (Brain Activity) |
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| increase frontal love activation to Positive images |
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| Behavioral Activation System (BAS) |
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| responsive to incentives and regulates approach behavior |
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| Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) |
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| responsive to cues to punishment, frustration, inhibiting |
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| 50% association with pleasure (COKE) |
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| association with depression and anxiety (30%) |
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| association with fight or flight (20%) |
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| low level norep. (workaholic) |
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| same sex competing with each other |
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| one sex choosing another sex |
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| sex, aggression, dominance, love, nuritiment |
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conscious
-internalize
-guilt after
Perfectionism |
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Pre-conscious
-Constain to reality |
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unconscious
-Primary "want NOW"
-Wish fulfillment |
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-Repression
-Denial
-Displacement
-Rationalization
-Sublimation
-Reaction Formation
Projection |
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| channel behavior into "accept" |
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| opposite action from impulse |
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emphasis ego as powerful and individual part of person
-Different from Freud: occurs throughout life
-establish a secure identity (primary function)
-Social problems... not sexual |
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emphasizes social relationsip and origins in childhood
-Assumptions:
--internal wishes more important then a relationship
--mom internalized by child |
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| Early Childhood Attachment |
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HARLOW
-secure, avoidant, ambivalent |
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| strange situation procedure for studying attachment |
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come from needs or deficits
** always seeking to relived tension |
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| Henry Murray Theory of Needs |
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| each individual has own association with behavios and own hierarchy of needs |
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look for themes to get needs
-look for achievement, intimacy, power |
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way w interpert environment
ex) laughing at vs. laughing with |
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Need 4 Achievement
Need for Power
Need for Intimacy |
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sex difference: men more impulsive , drinking aggression
sense of losing control= trauma |
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men=competitive
women= value family |
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pleasure being with others
smile, laugh
men: less strain in life
women: happier |
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people are basically good
-emphasize on conscious of needs and personal responsibilty |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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start lower needs to get higher
1) self actualization
2) esteem
3) belonging
4) safety
5) physiological |
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ability to focus on the details not background
-natural sciences, more interpersonal |
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more influenced by background not details
-social sciences
-attentive to social cues |
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high pain tolerance
-seek stimulation
-use substances to artifically lift arousal |
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| in unpleasant situation, become passive and accept situation |
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| every person and every culture has unique version of reality |
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| not being able to understand/predict life events (construct failure) |
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| External locus of control |
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| expectation that events are outside of one's control |
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| Internal Locus of Control |
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| expectation that events are under one's control |
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| 3 Categories of Attributions |
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external--> internal
stable--> unstable
Global--> specific |
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| Cognitive Social Learning Theory |
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cognitive & social process people learn to value and strive for goals
focus on process not traits |
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| belief that one is either able or unable to achieve a goal |
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| seeing other engage in task with positive results |
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predicts life outcomes.
1) awareness of own feelings
2) ability to regulate emotions
3) ability to control impulses
4) ability to decode social and emotional cues
5) ability to influence and guide others |
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| subjective feelings, accompanied by distinct action tendencies |
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| depend more on situation than on specific person |
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| pattern of emotional reactions that person consistently has |
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| anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise |
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emotions are along dimensions.
1) pleasant/unpleasant
2) high arousal/low arousal |
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| personality cuases a person to create a certain lifestyle, lifestyles causes emotional reactions |
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personality causes emotional reactions
ex) easier to put an extravert in a good mood |
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| achievement, hostility, competitiveness |
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| greater mood variability, frequent fluctuations |
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descriptive component of self
-basis for self-understanding |
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good/bad evaluation
-gap widens in adolescents
-closes in adulthood |
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| identify and associate wtih themselves |
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| self: developing skills "i like..." |
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| self: compare with others |
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specific knowledge structures, cognitive represntations of the self concept
--built on past experiences |
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| wants to be vs. ought self |
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| doing things taht increase the probablity of failure |
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| people can count on you to be the same person tomorrow |
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| personality characteristics in others evoke responses in us |
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| Hostile Attributional Bias |
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| infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain behavior from others |
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ways in which people alter change or exploit others.
--natural selection favors people who successfull manipulate things in environment |
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| 11 Taxonomy of Manipulation |
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| charm, silent treatment, reason, regression, social comparison, hardball.... |
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| Gender DIfference in Manipulation |
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| regression: sulking, pouting |
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| use others as tool for personal gain |
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| Theories of Sex Differences |
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1) social roles
2) Hormonal
3) Evolution
4) INtegrated Theoretical Perspective |
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| Stress & Coping Responses |
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| Interactional Model (coping) |
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| coping response influences degree, duration, frequency of stressful event |
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| Transactional Model (coping) |
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Personality:
can influence coping
can influence how a person appraises events
can influence events themselves
**not the event itself causing stress, but how the event is interpreted |
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| personality affects health indirectly |
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| personality could be related to illness because of a 3rd variable |
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| personality influences the degree to which a person perceives and interprets illness |
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| how we interpret and respond to events |
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| person perceives an event as a threat to goals |
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| person concludes they do not have resources to cope with demands of threatening event |
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-where to put the blame when things go wrong?
-SEG |
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| people generally underestimate risks of negative situations compared to average person |
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| maladaptive variations within the domains of traits, emotions, cognitions |
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| Distortion of self concept |
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| what society does not tolerate |
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little concern for others
-reckless
-irresponsible |
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prone to self harm
-instability in relationships, emotions, self image |
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| excessive attention seeking |
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need to be admired
-lack insight into other peoples feelings
-sense of entitlement |
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detached from normal relationshps
-little pleasure in life
-socially inept |
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anxious in social relationships
-suspicious of others
-odd believes (ESP or magic) |
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ditrusting others
-social events as threatening |
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sensitive to criticism
low self esteem |
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| need reassurance from others |
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perfection
devoted to work |
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