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Personality
Chapter 16
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/14/2008

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Term
personality processes
Definition
the mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motivation, and emotion
Term
priming
Definition
the activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it. the usual result is that this concept or idea comes to mind more quickly and easily in new situations
Term
chronic accessibility
Definition
the tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind for a particular individual
Term
rejection sensitivity
Definition
a disposition to anxiously expect and easily perceive potential rejection even in ambiguous events
Term
perceptual defense
Definition
selective perceiving such that the individual protects himself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening
Term
well-defended
Definition
to ignore and even fail to perceive small social slights
Term
repression-sensitization scale
Definition
developed by Donn Byrne to measure the extent to which people are relatively defensive or sensitive in the perception of potentially threatening information
Term
need for affect
Definition
a construct that involves the degree to which a person seeks to magnify or minimize emotional experience
Term
short-term memory (STM)
Definition
the second stage of information processing, in which the person is consciously aware of a small amount of information (about seven "chunks") as long as that information continues to be actively processed
Term
chunks
Definition
any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit. It can vary with learning and experience
Term
Funder's Fifth Law
Definition
the purpose of education is not to teach facts, or even ideas. It is to assemble new chunks
Term
cognitive unconscious
Definition
automatic processes within the mind that allow people to do things without knowing why and to indicate knowledge of things they do not realize they know
Term
dual process models
Definition
two qualitatively different mechanisms of information processing operate in forming judgements, solving problems, or making decisions. The first type of process is often unconscious and tends to involve automatic processing, whereas the second is invariably conscious and usually involves controlled processing therefore making it slower
Term
cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST)
Definition
Seymour Epstein's dual process model that contrasts slow, deliberate, and rational conscious thought with fast, uncontrolled, and intuitive thought that may not be conscious. Each system has advantages and disadvantages, and ideally they work in coordination
Term
goal
Definition
in cognitive approaches to personality, a desired end-state that serves to direct perception, thought and behavior
Term
strategy
Definition
a sequence of actives directed toward a goal
Term
current concern
Definition
the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned proposed by Eric Klinger; e.g. losing weight
Term
personal project
Definition
Brain Little's concept of an idiographic goal that you DO as opposed to something you think about; e.g. shopping for the holidays
Term
life tasks
Definition
the organizing goals people pursue at particular times of their life conceptualized by Nancy Cantor; e.g. attain independence
Term
personal strivings
Definition
Robert Emmons's idea of long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a person's life; e.g. being a good friend
Term
nomothetic goals
Definition
the relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
Term
McClelland's three primary motivations
Definition
the need for achievement, the need for affiliation (or intimacy), and the need for power
Term
achievement motivation
Definition
a tendency to direct one's thoughts and behavior toward striving for excellence
Term
affiliation motivation
Definition
the tendency to direct thoughts and behavior toward finding and maintaining close and warm emotional relationships
Term
power motivation
Definition
the tendency to direct thoughts and behavior toward feeling strong and influencing others
Term
circumplex model
Definition
a representation of goals organized in terms of two dimensions and displayed in a circular diagram in order to improve our understanding of similarities and differences between goals
Term
judgement goals
Definition
seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself; Dweck
Term
development goals
Definition
the desire to actually improve oneself, to become smarter, more beautiful, or more popular; Dweck
Term
mastery-oriented behavior
Definition
a typical response to failure by a person with a development goal, to try harder next time; Dweck
Term
helpless pattern of behavior
Definition
a typical response to failure by a person with a judgment goal, to admit defeat and give up; Dweck
Term
entity theories
Definition
in Dweck's theory of motivation, an individual's belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable
Term
incremental theories
Definition
in Dweck's theory of motivation, an individual's belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice
Term
characteristic adaptations
Definition
generalized scripts produced by the Big Five personality traits
Term
defensive pessimism
Definition
those who follow the motivational strategy of imagining the worst outcomes and then seeking to avoid them, according to Norem
Term
procedural knowledge
Definition
what a person knows but cannot really talk about; sometimes called "knowing how;" opposite of declarative knowledge
Term
basic stages of emotion
Definition
appraisal (judged to be emotionally relevant), physical responses (such as changes in pulse, blood pressure, and bodily tension), facial expressions (such as smiles or snarls) paired with nonverbal behaviors (such as jumping or fist-clenching), and the invocation of motives to share/spread the emotion; stages in no particular order
Term
3 sources of emotion
Definition
immediate stimuli, conditioned response, and thoughts/memories
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one's own emotions constructively
Term
alexethymic
Definition
someone who has so little emotional awareness that they are virtually unable to think about or talk about their own feelings
Term
3 sources of happiness
Definition
individual set point, objective life circumstances, and intentional activity
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