Term
| Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) basic background |
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Definition
homosexual- saw self as flawed/failed development
only child, schizo mom (may also be schizophrenic)
shy, socially withdrawn |
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Term
| Even more than Horney and Adler, Sullivan stressed ____________ in formation of personality |
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Definition
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Definition
anxiety is the chief force in blocking interpersonal relationships
anxiety is picked up through empathy* |
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Definition
| with no formal training- schizophrenics. believed it was result of unhealthy relationships and began "therapeutic communities" |
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Term
Sullivan on defenses
(adler: safeguarding, horney: neurotic trends) |
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Definition
| sullivan: security operations; dissociation and selective attention to protect self and the self system which emerges from behavior that protects against anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
0-2
Early part of prototaxic thinking, later into parataxic thinking
good/bad/not me's |
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Definition
| experience as a flow of sensations in the present. no time line. no boundary between self and other. mother's anxiety is my anxiety/ anxiety simply exists. |
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Definition
| temporally related events seen as connected. mental images of self and others develop |
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Definition
| language, logic, consensual meaning |
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Definition
good me- associated with reward and approval, tenderness
bad me- punishment/disapproval
not me- dissociated experiences from intense anxiety |
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Term
| Sullivan's childhood stage (part 1) |
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Definition
2-5/6
from the development of language to the need for equal playmates
personifications develop and now "just" me with good/bad behaviors
imaginary playmates and socialization
potty training, hygiene, manners, eating habits, reciprocity |
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Term
| sullivans purpose for imaginary playmates |
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Definition
| prepares for real friends and socialization without the anxiety |
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Term
| Sullivan's childhood stage (part 2) |
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Definition
dramatizations- like playing house
preoccupations- staying with an activity to avoid anxiety
malevolent attitude
creating a self system- consistent pattern of behavior protecting against anxiety |
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Term
| Sullivan: malevolent attitude |
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Definition
as the child becomes ambulatory, it gets into things creating increase possibilities for restriction, punishment, and criticism.
same sex pal can be curative against isolation of malevolent attitude |
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Term
| sullivan: Juvenile era- 5 to 8/9 |
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Definition
equal playmates to special pal
learning to compete, cooperate, compromise |
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Term
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Definition
8.5 to puberty
sullivan believed strongly in importance of same sex pal
genuine mutual interest, trust, sharing of things
first experience with intimacy w/o lust complications |
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Term
| sullivan: early adolescence |
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Definition
begins with arrival of lust
attempts at intimacy can be rejected, intimacy can remain with friends while lust is for strangers (crushes, sex & city) |
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Term
| sullivan: late adolescence |
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Definition
bringing together love, intimacy, and lust.
if you can love, you don't need a psychiatrist |
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Term
| Sullivan's approach to therapy |
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Definition
| improve relationships with others through a relationship with a therapist |
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Term
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Definition
1902-1994
father deserted, bullied because was jewish but looked christian
traveled 7 years as artist
trained with anna freud- vienna psychoanalytic society
with just hs diploma and psychoanalytic certificate he became famous from book and became harvard professor |
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Term
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Definition
Ego identity formation
"a clear sense of what and who one is within the cultural and environmental situation in which one exists" |
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Term
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Definition
0-18 mo
oral-sensory: someone has to feed, hold, cuddle, etc
trust vs mistrust
hope |
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Term
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Definition
18 mo- 3 yrs
muscular anal: movement but not much thinking
autonomy vs shame and doubt: starting to choose to do things and explore environment, says I and "no", sees results
will/autonomy |
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Term
| Erikson: play age (pre-operational) |
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Definition
3-6
locomotor Genital: conceptual development and coordinated movements. helper... result?
initiative vs guilt: imagine and create vs criticized
purpose |
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Term
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Definition
7-12 concrete operations
Latency. further motor development, ability to plan and carry out and accomplish complex tasks
industry vs inferiority
competence |
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Term
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Definition
13-18ish
identity vs role diffusion: who you are independent of fam
time for moratorium- the break to explore
fidelity- ability to be faithful to something |
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Term
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Definition
intimacy vs isolation
love |
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Term
Erikson: adulthood
~45-60ish |
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Definition
life seems more routine and there are usually fewer struggles. awareness of mortality and need to find meaning
generativity vs stagnation
favorable outcome: care (about, for, to do) |
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Term
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Definition
integrity vs despair: most choices have been made and cant be changed
wisdom (but perhaps better is perspective) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
core pathology
much worse, too much of a bad thing |
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Term
| tendencies for trust vs mistrust |
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Definition
maladaptive: sensory distortion, gullible
malignant: withdrawal, world as unsafe, paranoia |
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Term
| tendencies for autonomy vs shame/doubt |
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Definition
maladaptive: impulsiveness, shameless willfulness
malignant: complusiveness, no confidence, need to be right |
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Term
| tendencies for initiative vs guilt |
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Definition
maladaptive: ruthlessness
malignant: inhibition |
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Term
| tendencies for industry vs inferiority |
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Definition
maladaptive: narrow virtuosity
malignant: inertia (strong inferiority) |
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Term
| tendencies for identity vs role diffusion |
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Definition
maladaptive: fanaticism
malignant: role repudiation, diffidence or defiance |
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Term
| tendencies for intimacy vs isolation |
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Definition
maladaptive: promiscuity
malignant: exclusion, isolation |
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Term
| tendencies for generativity vs stagnation |
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Definition
maladaptive: over extension
malignant: rejectivity (loss of meaning) |
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Term
| tendencies for integrity vs despair |
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Definition
maladaptive: presumption (presumed ego integrity w/o depth)
malignant: despair, disdain, contempt for life |
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Term
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Definition
| trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame/doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair |
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Term
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Definition
humanistic psychologist, difficult anti-semetic childhood,
evil mother, absent drunk father
not an awesome student but eventually got a phd and when he got a 195 on the IQ test he was able to do whatever he wanted at columbia |
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Term
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Definition
| people who were successful at life, some historical and some students |
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Term
| why Maslow believes successful people are successful |
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Definition
| people are motivated by self actualization or growth needs rather than basic psychological needs |
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Term
| psychological basic needs criteria |
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Definition
need is low or inactive in healthy person
Absence > illness
Presence / illness
Restoration curative
Deprivation > preference |
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Term
| Maslows basic psychological needs |
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Definition
| love, belonging, respect, security |
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Term
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Definition
| welcome as pleasurable tensions or hurry to eliminate |
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Term
| living for goal or living in present |
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Definition
tension enjoyed not just goal. living for goal leads to disappointment
got that out of the way vs give me more |
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Term
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Definition
| the best love comes from someone who doesnt need you because they dont need you to be a certain way |
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Term
| characteristics of self actualizing person |
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Definition
secure in basic needs, more independent and less anxious and needy, creative and spontaneous
people magnet, accepting of others but desires some privacy and autonomy
loving, helpful, generous,
democratic values, creative, b-values |
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Term
| characteristics of someone motivated by basic needs |
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Definition
needy! possessive and attached
demanding or constrictive, change is a threat
love comes from need to be filled and you force a fit |
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Term
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Definition
gently suppressive family
worked with delinquent youth and underpriviledged
wrote client centered therapy and hosted encounter groups
first to record a case
interested in conflict resolution, ireland and south africa |
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Term
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Definition
in all of nature- evolution from simpler to more complex
ex. snow flakes |
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Term
| Rogers actualization tendency |
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Definition
the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature
like potato |
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Term
as potato needed sun, water, soil...
person actualizes through interactions that are
(necessary and sufficient conditions) |
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Definition
congruent
empathetic
manifesting unconditional positive regard |
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Term
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Definition
| real/organismic, self concept, ideal self |
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Term
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Definition
essentially good and life affirming
fear anger and lust also exist here as with freud but organismic self is good |
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Definition
self perceived in awareness
requires consciousness and symbolic representation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
unconditional positive regard in contact with others creates positive self regard which becomes autonomous
simlar to Maslow's being love |
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Term
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Definition
can create disconnect with real self
variety of situations in which parents do not allow self experience |
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Term
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Definition
maintenance: basic biological needs, maintain status quo, homeostatic tension avoidance
enhancement: fulfill one's basic nature (like potato)
what motivates a child to walk |
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Term
| disconnect between real self and self concept |
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Definition
discrepancy makes us vulnerable to inconsistency, anxiety, and threat
threat: when we're aware of the disconnect
behavior can become disorganized and psychotic when the incongruence is great and becomes obvious |
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Term
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Definition
| when the discrepancy is felt but not perceived, there is unease or tension whose cause is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| when we're aware of the disconnect- may be first step to correcting it |
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Term
| rogers maintenance motives |
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Definition
protect the status quo
we work to protect the status quo through ignoring, distorting, or denying events |
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Term
| rogers- ignoring, denying |
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Definition
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Term
| rogers- accurately perceived |
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Definition
| when congruent with our self concept we aren't protecting the status quo |
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Term
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Definition
to fit the self concept
like people who have difficulty accepting compliments |
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Term
| types of rejecting compliments |
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Definition
| immediate reciprocity, external discount, internal discount |
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Term
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Definition
a curative relationship
pathology created by an unhealthy relationship can be cured by a healthy one |
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Term
| curative elements of rogers' therapy |
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Definition
unconditional positive regard (loving acceptance)
congruence- not fake/pretend
empathetic listening
favor congruence |
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Term
| rogers was the first to ____ |
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Definition
empirically study the effects of therapy
stages in therapy, progress in stages
uses q-sort, shift in real self and decreased discrepancies |
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Term
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Definition
wam upbringing, well liked person
disagreed with freud
first personality theorist and textbook writer
synthesizer |
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Term
| individually unique traits |
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Definition
| allport studied a limited number of traits along which everyone could be compared |
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Term
ideographic approach
morphogenic |
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Definition
the study of the individual case
suggesting patterned structure of individual |
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Term
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Definition
| studying general laws and norms of behavior |
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Term
| Allport important characteristics of traits |
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Definition
| they exist in people, determine behavior, can be established by observation, relatively independent, can be inconsistent |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension along which most people in a culture can be compared. like intro/extroversion |
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Term
| personality traits or dispositions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
all pervasive and outstanding in a person's life
one word used to describe the person, most people dont have one |
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Term
| central traits/dispositions |
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Definition
| short list of 5/10 traits we'd use to describe someone |
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Term
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Definition
| less generalized, less consistent, less often called into play, more peripheral traits |
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Term
| personal dispositions and motivational dispositions |
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Definition
| not separated, all PD's have some motivational power, but motivationals moreso than stylistics |
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Term
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Definition
ex. personal disposition of politeness. shapes activities
some motivational force would be revealed by discomfort at acting impolitely but is not a disposition getting him out of bed |
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Term
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Definition
the self as felt and known by me
aspects that are warm, central, and important
doesnt include basic drives, cultural customs, habits |
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Term
| who was the "synthesizer" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reactive, reduce need for hunger, thirst, etc |
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Definition
| proactive, about growth and change |
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Term
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Definition
| what we once did in the service of some other motive can gain it's own motivational force |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple tendency to continue an action for a time after the motive is gone |
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Term
| propriate functional autonomy |
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Definition
the master system of motivation
this is what i do |
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Term
| what makes a person mature (allport) |
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Definition
extends proprium to welfare of others, social interest
maslow's being love
emotional security, self acceptance, realistic perceptions
insight and humor, philosophy of life, religion as end in itself |
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Term
| according to sullivan, what is the significance of a special friend during the preadolescent stage? |
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Definition
can heal early childhood problems
intimacy without complications of lust |
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Term
| according to sullivan, how is fear different from anxiety? |
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Definition
fear: not always negative, not maladaptive, directive, constructive
anxiety: negative, vague, disruptive, stems form interpersonal relationships and disrupts relationships |
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Term
| describe syntonic and dystonic experiences of each of Erikson's 8 stages |
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Definition
| trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame and doubt, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role diffusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair |
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Term
| according to erikson, what are the basic strengths that emerge from each of his 8 stages? |
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Definition
Hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom
HWPCFLCW
he will purposely cry for love cant win |
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Term
| describe maslow's hierarchy of motives |
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Definition
physiological: food water health
safety: unsuccessful in attempts - basic anxiety
love and belongingness
esteem: self-respect, confidence, competence; reputation(how others see) and self-esteem
actualization: self-fulfillment, realization of potential, desire to become creative, independent, accepting, good perception of reality, appreciation, social interest, |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to self actualize with resulting lack of meaning and purpose in their lives |
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Term
| according to allport, what is the role of unconscious motivation? |
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Definition
avg person doesnt need them but rather are concious about motives
pathological people have them |
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Term
| who formed therapeutic communities for schizophrenics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whose mother was cruel and father was absent? |
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Definition
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Term
| who demystified psychotherapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who used Encounter groups to learn about influence and impacts on others? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was a unique trait theorist? |
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Definition
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Term
| whose therapy involves a curative relationship with congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic listening |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| whose interpersonal theory of personality rests on the assumption that unhealthy personality development results form interpersonal conflicts and difficulties? |
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Definition
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Term
| why sullivan's same-sex "chums" could be a bad thing according to related research |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not accurately communicated to others |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| with whose therapy does the therapist serve as a participant observer and attempts to improve patient's interpersonal relations? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| each component proceeds in a ste-by-step fashion |
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Term
| who used psychohistory to study mlk jr and gandhi? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Maslow, whole person constantly motivated by one need or another growing towards self-actualization
holistic approach to motivation, usually complex, continual |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological, safety, love/belongingness, esteem, self actualization |
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Term
| maslow's additional categories of needs |
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Definition
| aesthetic, cognitie, neurotic |
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Term
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Definition
differentiates self-actualizing people, they are capable of metamotivation of expressive behavior
truth, goodness, wholeness, perfection, justice, simplicity, humor, autonomy, etc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| living in the moment (rogers) |
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Term
| who was a scientist first, therapist second, personality theorist third? |
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Definition
| rogers, hence he demystified psychotherapy, used q-sort and stages research |
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