Term
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Definition
| Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Definition
| A theory is a set of ideas about how to explain a class of events |
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Definition
To explain phenomena
To predict future behavior |
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| Characteristics of a Good Theory |
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Definition
-Explain behavior
-Predict behavior
-Are testable
-Are falsifiable |
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| Inductive Reasoning VS. Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive reasoning takes events and makes generalizations |
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Definition
| Builds complex statements from simple statements. |
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| Tries to create General Statements from multiple specific statements. |
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Definition
| Refers to the gullibility of people when reading descriptions of themselves. Personality shows the ways in which people are different and unique. However, it is possible to give everyone the same description and people nevertheless rate the description as very very accurate. |
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| Case Study Design & Limitations |
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Definition
In-depth analysis of a single individual
Information could be gathered from a number of sources:
-Objective assessments (e.g., questionnaires)
-Interviews
-Observations or judgments of others
-May not be representative of the general population. |
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| Correlational Design & Limitations |
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Definition
Examination of the relationships among variables of interest
Values can range from -1 to +1
Sign indicates direction
Distance from zero reflects strength of relationship
-Does not allow tests of strong causal inference |
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| Experimental Design & Limitations |
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Definition
Random assignment to experimental group(s) or control group and assessment of between-group differences
Provides information about causality
-Doesn't always relate to real world(Created and manipulated environment may be too artificial) |
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Definition
-The consistency of scores on a given measure
-Impacted by error variance |
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Definition
Internal Consistency Reliability
Split-Half Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Test-Retest Reliability
Inter-Rater Reliability |
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Definition
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Reliability caps validity
A measure can be no more valid than it is reliable |
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Definition
| Construct validity seeks agreement between a theoretical concept and a specific measuring device or procedure. It is important to have a clear definition of what you are measuring. |
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Definition
| tests that constructs that are expected to be related are, in fact, related. |
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Definition
Also known as Divergent Validity
Tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, in fact, not have any relationship. |
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Definition
| The degree of effectiveness with which performance on a test or procedure predicts performance in a real-life situation. |
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| Why are reliability and validity important? |
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Definition
| Without Reliability or Validity the results can not be measured or interpreted very well. |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common assessment tool
-Generally paper-and-pencil (or online)
Ex.
-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
-Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
-NEO-PI |
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Definition
-Test taker is provided with cards listing different attributes
-Test taker sorts the cards into piles
Ex. Most characteristic of me, Least characteristic of me |
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Definition
Recordings of a person’s actual behavior.
Several recording options:
Frequency counts
Coding videotaped interactions
Electronic pagers |
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Term
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Definition
-Electroencephalogram (EEG)
-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)
-Hormone Levels |
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Term
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Definition
-Structured Interviews
-Unstructured Interviews |
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Definition
-Test-taker is provided with an ambiguous stimuli or unstructured task and then provides an interpretation
-Goal is to gain access to unconscious motives and concerns
Ex. Draw-A-Person, Rorschack Inkblot, |
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Term
| Issues related to personality testing |
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Definition
Given that testing isn’t perfect, it is It is important to be cautious when:
Interpreting results
Applying results |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoughts and Perceptions. |
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Term
| Freud's Preconscious Level |
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Definition
| Memories and Stored Knowledge - Thing's we aren't thinking about, but can recall. |
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| Freud's Unconscious Level |
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Definition
Fears, Violent Motives, Immoral Urges, etc.
Things we don't necessarily know are there. |
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Definition
| The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest. |
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Definition
| The part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity. |
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| The part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers. |
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Definition
| Anxiety about real-life concerns. |
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Definition
| Unconscious fear that id impulses will get out of control |
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Definition
| Anxiety about violating moral codes |
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Definition
| Threatening thoughts are pushed into the unconscious. |
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Definition
| Threatening impulses are pushed away by overemphasizing the opposite. |
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Definition
| Anxiety-provoking stimuli are not acknowledged. |
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Definition
| Anxiety-provoking impulses are externalized by placing them onto others. |
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Definition
| The target of unconscious fear’s or desires is shifted away from the true cause. |
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Definition
| Threatening urges are transformed into positive, socially acceptable activities. |
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Definition
| Logical explanations are applied after the fact to behaviors that were driven by unconscious motives. |
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Definition
| Reverting back to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses. |
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Term
| Strengths and Weaknesses of the Psychoanalytic Approach to studying personality |
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Definition
Strengths:
-Emphasized the role of early childhood experiences
-Examined the unconscious
-Considered sexual and aggressive drives
-Identified multiple levels within the brain that are operating together
Weaknesses:
-Difficult to evaluate empirically
-Many of the ideas have been discredited with modern research
-Failed to address adaptation over time |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the aspect of personality that is conscious and embodies the sense of self. |
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Term
| Jung's Personal Unconscious |
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Definition
| Contains the thoughts and feelings that are not currently apart of conscious awareness |
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| Jung's Collective Unconscious |
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Definition
| Contains a deeper level of unconsciousness made up of archetypes that are common to all. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional symbols that are common to all people and have been formed since the beginning of time. |
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Term
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Definition
Magician - Sorcerer, Wizard
Child god - Leprechaun, Elf
Mother - Virgin Mary, Mother Nature
Hero - King, Savior, Champion
Demon - Satan, Vampire
Shadow - The Dark Side, Evil Twin
Persona - Actor, Mask |
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Term
| Four Functions of the Mind |
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Definition
#1 Sensing (is there there)
#2 Thinking (What is it that is there)
#3 Feeling (What is it worth)
#4 Intuiting (Where did it come from and where is it going) |
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Term
| Jung's Two Attitudes of the Mind |
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Definition
| Extroversion and introversion |
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Term
| Alder's Striving for Superiority |
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Definition
| Organ inferiority, aggression drive, masculine protest. |
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Term
| Alder's Striving for Perfection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone is born with some physical but the body attempts to make up for deficits in another area. |
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Definition
| An individual driven to lash out against the inability to achieve or master something as a reaction to perceived helplessness. |
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Definition
| An individuals attempt to be competent and independent rather than merely an outgrowth than his or her parents. |
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Definition
| Child's fear of being alone, helpless and insecure |
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Definition
| Inner core of personality |
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Definition
| Feelings of inferiority or helpless |
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Definition
| View of the perfection; "Tyranny of the Shoulds" |
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| Key Contribution of Object Relations Theorists |
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Definition
| emphasized the role of our relationships with others in defining ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
Skill gained - Hope
Age - Infancy |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt |
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Definition
Skill gained - Will
Age - Early childhood |
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Term
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Definition
Skill gained - Purpose
Age - Early to mid childhood |
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Definition
Skill gained - Competence
Age - Mid to late childhood |
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| Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Definition
Skill gained - loyalty
Age - Teenage years |
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Definition
Skill gained - Love
Age - early adulthood |
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| Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Definition
Skill gained - caring
Age - mid adulthood |
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Term
| Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
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Definition
Skill gained - Wisdom
Age - Late Adulthood |
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Term
| Strengths of Neo-Analysis |
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Definition
Emphasizes the struggle between internal emotions and external demands.
Emphasizes the humans’ goal-oriented behavior.
Views development as ongoing.
Acknowledges social influence.
Attempts to explain a healthy and |
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Term
| Weaknesses of Neo-Analysis |
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Definition
No acknowledgment of biological influences and fixed personality structures.
Lots of vague concepts that are difficult to test empirically |
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Term
| Strengths and Weaknesses of the biological approach to studying personality |
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Definition
Strengths:
-Emphasizes limits imposed by genetics and the human body
-Acknowledges the interplay between biology and the environments that people choose
-Easily combined with other approaches
Weaknesses:
-Minimizes potential for growth & change
-Can be misused
-Uses biological concepts that may or may not be appropriate for psychological phenomena
-Difficult to apply to consciousness |
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Term
| Darwinian Personality Theory |
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Definition
| Our personalities form out of our genes then pass on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable individual differences in emotional reactivity |
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Term
| Four Aspects of Temperment |
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Definition
Activity - Some children more active while others more passive.
Emotionality - Some children are easily angered or other emotions, while some are calm
Sociability - Some children are sociable and enjoy others while others are not.
Aggressive/Impulsive - the extent to which children are aggressive and cold rather than conscientious and friendly. |
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Term
| How is appearance related to Personality |
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Definition
Mesomorphs:
Muscular, large-boned, athletic
Ectomorphs:
Slender, “bookworms”
Endomorphs:
"Roly-Poly," good-natured
Attractive people are generally thought to be:
Happier
More outgoing
More intelligent
More successful
More relaxed |
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Term
| Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) |
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Definition
Provides orienting response to novel stimuli
Responds to punishing stimuli |
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| Behavioral Activation (Approach) System (BAS) |
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Definition
| Regulates response to rewards |
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Term
| Appropriate and Inappropriate Applications of the Biological aspects of personality |
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Definition
Appropriate:
-Human Genome Project: it's goal is to develop treatments for inherited diseases.
Innappropriate:
-Weak creatures and cultures should not survive
-African Americans were by nature incapable of learning to read, so it was just as well that they were picking cotton. |
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