Motivation for learning;

We are motivated to seek pleasure & aviod pain

Simplest king of learning!!

decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated
applications

-Process os learning associations

Classical : 2 Stimuli

Operant : consequences

Pavlov

Organism come to associate two stimuli

Stages:

1) Begin with reflex

2)  neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex

3) Neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

*Anticipatory conditioning

*Higher-order conditioning

*Secondary disgust

Anticipatory Conditioning

Disgust for something that looks &/or feels similar to something disgusting in it's own right

*Acquisition

*Extinction

*Spontaneous Recovery

*Generalization

*Discrimination

Tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

(Ex. Little Albert Study)

Classical conditioning in which the CR is an emotional reaction.

May create attitudes

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement, or diminished if followed by punishment

*Habit Hierachy

*Law of Effect

*Skinner Box

Skinner v.s Thorndike

Thorndike: Measured how long it took an animal to escape as a function of reinforced trials.

*DV=Latency

Skinner: Allowed the animals to respond freely in a Skinner box

*DV=Number of responses

Reinforcer

Primary v.s Secondary

Any event that strengthenes the behavior it follows

*Primary Reinforcer: Innately reinforcing stimulus; staisfies a biological need

*Secondary Reinforcer: Conditioned reinforcer; learned through association with primary reinforcer

Operant Conditioning:

Acquisition

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

*Acquisition: Strengthening of reinforced response

*Extinction: Response is no longer reinforced

*Spontaneous Recovery: Reapperance, after a rest period of an extinguished openant response 

Openant Conditioning:
Generalization

Discrimination

*Generalization: showing similar bahaviors in the presence of different, but similar, stimuli

*Discrimination: responding differently to stimuli that signal when a behavior will or will not be reinforced

Discrim Stimulus: cue that controls the occurrence of behavior

*Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs

*Learning occurs rapidly

*Extinction occurs rapidly

*Reinforcing a response only part of the time

*Results in slower acquisition

*Greater resistance to extinction

Reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses

*The faster you respond the more rewards you get

Reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

*Response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

*Produces slow steady responding

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

Ratio

FR - highest responses, shortest time

VR - 2nd most responses, 2nd shortest time

FI - "wavy" 2nd longest period of time, varying number of responses

VI - long period of time, shortest number of responses, "slow and steady"

Operant Conditioning:

Punishment

*Adversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

*Powerful controller of unwanted bahavior

*can be both Positive and Negative

*Punished bahavior is not forgotten

*Increased Agression

*Created fear that can generalize to desirable bahaviors

*Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior

Treatment of Phobias

*Extinction

*Systematic Desensitization

*Extinction- Anxiety reaction should weaken if the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS

*Systematic desensitization

1) Teach person to relax themselves

2) Create an anxiety hierachy

3) Visualize the scene from least threatening to most threatening

Conditioning of an aversive reaction to what's now a positive stimulus

*Conditioning a negative emotional response

Programs in which reinforcemtns is increased for desired bahaviors

*Conflict - Simultaneous arousal of 2 incompatible bahavioral tendencies

Pros:

*Based on empirical findings

*Effective therapeutic techniques

Cons:

*Ignores motivation, thoughts, & cognition

*Over based on empirical findings (animal)

*Too simplistic; ignores social dimension

*not so much a theory of persona;ity as a view of the determinants of bahavior