Term
| Average Correlation (percent and decimal) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mischel focused research on ______? |
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Definition
| Size of Relationships (between personality traits and actual behavior in specific situations) |
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Term
| Power of Situational Factors |
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Definition
| Sometimes situational factors are so strong that it overrides personal dispositions |
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Term
| Gordon Allport's perspective |
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Definition
| Not all traits are equally important for all people - traits that define the person tend to predict behavior best. |
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Term
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Definition
Act of averaging traits across multiple situations over time.
Increases ability to predict behavior with more situations to average. |
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Term
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Definition
Personal dispostions
(traits)
Situational factors
and the interactions between the two |
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Term
| Which gender is PHYSICALLY STRONGER? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender is CONSTITUTIONALLY STRONGER? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender is more SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender exhibits earlier NEUROLOGICAL MATURITY? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender has a GREATER LIFE EXPECTANCY? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Asked subjects to determine gender of traits.
Masculine traits are more desirable than Feminine traits. |
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Term
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Definition
Replicated Vogel
more than 30 years later effects are weaker but still there |
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Term
| Which gender has greater SPATIAL ABILITIES and MATHEMATICAL SKILLS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender has GREATER VERBAL ABILITIES? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender is MORE AGGRESSIVE BOTH VERBALLY AND PHYSICALLY? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender commits more VIOLENT CRIMES? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gender is more SENSITIVE TO NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION/CUES? |
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Definition
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Term
| During Phallic stage boy forms ______? |
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Definition
| Identification with father |
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Term
| Superego comprised of (for male and female)? |
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Definition
| Son/Daughter incorporate masculine/feminine personality traits from father/mother into conscience = BECOMES SUPEREGO |
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Term
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Definition
Rejected Freud's Penis Envy
Men feel inferior due to inability to bear children.
Therefore they strive for CONTROL and ACHIEVEMENT |
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Term
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Definition
Masculine and Feminine archetypes are within ALL people.
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Term
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Definition
| feminine part of personality (relational, and emotional) |
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Term
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Definition
| Masculine part of personality (logical and analytical) |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined masculine and female (integrates both) |
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Term
| Gender differences are motivated by ______? |
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Definition
| Natural Selection Pressures |
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Term
| Natural Selection Pressure (male and female) |
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Definition
MEN: Natural selection favors multiple sexual contacts
WOMEN: natural selection favors selecting a mate who will help with child-rearing |
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Term
| Gender typed characteristics are acquired through ____? |
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Definition
| Operant conditioning and Observational learning |
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Term
| Who are the primary sources for modeling and conditioning of gender-typed traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| Source of modeling and conditioning for gender typed traits for Adolescence and beyond?? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Organizes what is male and female
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Term
| Gender schema affects....? |
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Definition
| our ATTENTION to and PERCEPTION of gender related information. |
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Term
| TRAIT APPROACH treats Masculinity and Femininity as________? |
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Definition
| Separate trait dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Undifferentiated dimension |
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Definition
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Term
| Trait dimensions measured with this inventory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dimension is most adaptive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Maslow thoughts on gender |
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Definition
| Self-actualized person has traits that are both masculine and feminine - gender roles are not important |
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Term
| Rogers thoughts on gender roles |
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Definition
| Pressures on gender roles lead to DISCREPANCY/INCONGRUENCE between real and ideal self |
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Term
| Cohen, Tyrrell and Smith experiement: |
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Definition
injected Ss with cold virus and measured stress levels
More stress subjects had more likely to develop a cold |
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Term
| Immunosuppression caused by: |
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Definition
| Stress and leads to decrease in immune system functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts to modify, tolerate or eliminate stress |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by STRESSOR - stressful event |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Distress
(Death, Getting Fired etc) |
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Term
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Definition
Eustress
(Wedding/Promotion etc) |
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Term
| Two major Coping categories: |
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Definition
| Problem focused coping and Emotion focused Coping |
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Term
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Definition
Confronting
Seeking Social Support
Planful Problem Solving |
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Term
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Definition
Self Controlling
Distancing (cognitive/distraction)
Positive Reappraisal
Accepting Reponsibility ("I caused this problem") |
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Term
| Employers/PPL favor which coping strategy for WORK RELATED STRESSORS? |
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Definition
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Term
| PPL favor which coping strategy for HEALTH RELATED STRESSORS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Men use which coping strategy more often than Women? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which coping strategy is used equally between males/females? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
AKA Psychological Toughness
PPL deal with stress better and have less chance of getting sick. |
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Term
| 6 important aspects of Hardiness: |
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Definition
HIGH IN:
Optimism
Resilience
Faith
Hope
Curiosity
Use of ADAPTIVE defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
Highly Driven
Time pressured
Competitive
Impatient
Hostile
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Term
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Definition
More relaxed
Less time pressured |
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Term
| Which Behavior Pattern is at risk for CHD? |
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Definition
TYPE A!
2X as likely to have heart attack (MI) |
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Term
| Which component of Type A pattern is highly related to risk for CHD? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hostile PPL have greater __________ in response to _________? |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular reactivity in response to interpersonal stressors |
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Term
| What besides Hostility increases risk for CHD? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Developed Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Created longitudinal study on school children measured relationship between personality traits and health outcomes |
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Term
| Terman obtained several _____ from parents and teachers to determine relationship between health and traits: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
positively correlated with LONGEVITY
Effect stronger among boys
30% less likely to die any given year |
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Term
| Other traits related to better health and longevity: |
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Definition
Impulsivity is negatively related
Egocentrism is negatively related
Undependability is negatively related |
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Term
| Sociability (extraversion) is _________ with health and longevity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are the best students? And who has the best research experiment ever? |
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Definition
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Term
| Criticisms of Mischel's Argument against importance of Traits (5): |
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Definition
-Behavior is multiply determined
-People maintain some degree of consistency in their behavior
-.3 - .4 are meaningful correlations
-Goal of personality traits isn't to predict specific behaviors but general behavior tendencies
-Situations are really no better than Traits at predicting behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| People's behavior varies across situations - so it makes no sense to attribute behavior to traits |
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Term
| Examples of Mischel's Argument: |
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Definition
| Not all traits are constantly consistent |
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