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| courageous, hopeful, amorous |
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| easily angered, bad temper |
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| despondant, sleepless, irritable |
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| refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of things other than humans |
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| shows brain waves and evoked response potentials |
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| detects magnetic indications of brain activity |
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| creates a map of the brain using radioactive substance injected into bloodstream |
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| monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen in the blood to map where th brain is most active. |
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| Ascending reticular activating system |
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Spine and brain conjunction
Function is to allow and restrict information travel
Serves as basis for intro/extroversion
Over aroused ARAS = introversion
This is because you get more info than you can handle, so you avoid exciting situations |
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Links perceptions to emotional meaning
Assesses the situation |
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Pleasant emotions
Left=motivations to approach people and objects
Right=motivation to withdraw |
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Info about time and space
Located on top of corpus collosum
Normal emotion experience
Computes mismatches between expected and actual states of the world. |
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Motivation
Novelty seeking
Reward deficiency syndrome=lack of dopamine
Alcoholism, ADD, pathological gambling |
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Inhibit behavioral impulses
Low serotonin = depression |
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Works primarily with brain
Flight or fight responses in men
Calming effects in women |
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| More aggression and sex drive |
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Prep for action
High cortisol = high stress, anxiety
But cortisol is induced by fearful situations |
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| how much variation of the phenotype can be attributed variation in the genotype |
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| Equation for heritability |
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| (correlation of monozygotic twins – correlation of dizygotic twins) x 2 |
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| families do not matter at all |
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| evidence not quite as strong as she points out. Questionaires produce different results than direct observation. |
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| The less a trait varies... |
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| the lower the heritability |
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| Homosexuality in genetics |
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DRD4 gene: emotional control, effects development of dopamine receptors
Related to impulsivity and novelty seeking. And sensation seeking
Related to parkinsons
Related to ADHD |
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Short allele of 5-HTT are more likely to experience depression after stress
Related to serotonin.
So this genotype is influential, but only in certain environments |
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| Evolutionary approach to personality |
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Definition
How could this behavior have been adaptive?
Altruis toward family = family shares your genes, so they get passed on
Pessimism = do not waste energy on things that are not needed |
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| Why are some males more aggressive? |
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| It could be that being muscular, aggressiveness works better for them than non-muscular men. Also, growing up in an unstable home might cause changes which make the boy mature faster and more sexually active. |
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Sexual orientation may be based on what is exotic. If a boy enjoys rough play they fit in with other boys, but one who does not may seek a group of girls. When they reach puberty, the different types of boys find different sexes to be exotic, and are sexually aroused by either.
Testosterone in the womb may be related to the development of traditional sexual roles |
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| we can only study people from the outside, because that is where the causes of behavior come from |
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| certain things predict other thngs |
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| unpredictable reward and punishment leads to depression, “why bother?” |
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| operate on the world to change it to your advantage |
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| behavior becomes more likely to happen |
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There is more to behavior than reinforcement. One must gain insight into the situation as well.
Certain situations evoke different behaviors |
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| state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension is reduced, pleasure comes from satisfying the need to produce the drive |
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| include those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of pain, sexual gratification |
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| love prestige money power avoidance of fear and humiliation |
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| for a reward to have the power to encourage the target behavior, the reward must satisfy a need. BUT positive true reinforcement is not simply a state of zero need |
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| Frustration aggression hypothesis |
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| blocked from a goal leads to frustration and the need to lash out (aggression). |
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| Approach-avoidance conflict |
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| conflict between desire and fear |
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| = belief we can do something in the first place. NOT if I do this then this other thing will happen. |
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| belief about what one is capable of doing |
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We learn by observing it in others without reward or punishment
Recipricol determinism = we choose environments, and these environments change us |
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| we choose environments, and these environments change us |
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| Cognitive-affective personality system |
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Definition
How we interpret the world, organize thoughts and memories is what is important
To understand a persons thoughts is to understand them completely
If…then statements vary from person to person and shape personality |
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Concepts activated recently and easily come to mind
Or we may be primed to be more economically aware
Chronic accessibility |
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| bad things happen in a certain situation, so every time the situation arrives the person reacts badly and assumes the worst |
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Related to chronic accessibility
Can interpret actions as hostile or not hostile |
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| It is also possible to screen out information |
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what a persn has in mind at the moment; STM
Is limited, but able to chunk
Ability to make chunks and think about more things
What we think about can effect our psychological health |
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| may not realize that one has these goals |
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| Long-term goals comprised of many short term goals |
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| Long-term goals comprised of many short term goals |
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unique to those pursuing them
“current concerns”
Held consciously
Aimed at specific outcomes |
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| Essential, universal goals |
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| need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power |
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| self-transcendence vs physical self, extrinsic vs intrinsic |
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The worst will likely happen
Become pleasantly surprised |
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| Can come from stimuli, conditioned behaviors,memories |
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| happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise |
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| experience more joy and more sadness |
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| ability to control emotions and correctly detect emotions in others |
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Overall satisfaction with life
Satisfaction with how things are going in life domains
High level of positive emotion and low levels of negative emotion |
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Set point = genetic explanations
Circumstances
What you do |
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