Term
|
Definition
-studies black youths in south during world war 2
-psychoanalysis of military behavior
- |
|
|
Term
| what did miller and dollard believe about human behavior? |
|
Definition
it is learned (launguage and processes described by freud- repression, displacement, etc)
social learning, imitation |
|
|
Term
| Hull: reinforcement criteria |
|
Definition
| -fora stimulus to be a reinforcer, it must reduce a drive |
|
|
Term
| drive reduction theory of learning |
|
Definition
-for a stimulus to be a reinforcer, it must reduce a drive
the drive reduction is reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| What is the cornerstone of Hull's theory? |
|
Definition
the concept of habit
-association between a stimulus and a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an association between a stimulus and response.
-if a stimulus leads to a response, which produces a reinforcer, the association between that stimulus and response become stronger
-S-R theory of learning |
|
|
Term
| a few of the freudian concepts that dollard and miller tried to explain with freudian principles are... |
|
Definition
1. pleasure principle
2. relationship between frustration and aggression
3. importance of early childhood
4. conflict
5. repression
6. unconscious mind is important in formation of neurotic behavior |
|
|
Term
| miller and dollard: research |
|
Definition
used rats to study human behavior
-can control rats' histories
-less complex than humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any stimulus that impels an organism to action
-reinforced by elimination and reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anxiety
-need to be successive or attractive
-fear |
|
|
Term
| what are the building blocks of personality, according to dollard + miller? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: Acquired Drives |
|
Definition
-drive that is learned, not innate
ex: Fear |
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: what is the motivator for personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a stimulus that indicates the appropriate direction an activity should take
ex: cues determine when response will take place
ex: open/closed restaurant signs, whistle for class ending |
|
|
Term
| Dollard + Miller: reward is impossible in the absence of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -group of responses that are organized by likely of re-occurrence |
|
|
Term
| innate hierarchy of responses |
|
Definition
-genetically determined set of responses that is triggered by certain drive conditions
-ex: if infant is hungry, will cry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -response that is most likely to occur at any given time |
|
|
Term
| initial hierarchy of responses |
|
Definition
| -hierarchy of responses elicited before learning |
|
|
Term
| resultant hierarchy of responses |
|
Definition
| -revised arrangement of responses after learning has taken place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -if previously learned responses + innate responses are inactive... then new response can occur |
|
|
Term
| gradient of reinforcement |
|
Definition
-explains why activity quickens as you approach a positive goal
ex: walk faster the closer you get to home, where you will be given a sandwhich and reduce primary drive of hunger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if 2 responses are similar, they will both elicit the same response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposite of generalization
-learn the difference between 2 stimuli that are very similar. ex: real snakes vs plastic ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the closer 2 stimuli are in physical appearance, they will be more likely to elicit the same responsibilities
--innate and governed by person's sensory apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-based on verbal labels, not on the physical similarity among stimuli
ex: word dangerous elicits the same response + can be used as a label for many things |
|
|
Term
| Dollard + Miller: Conflict |
|
Definition
| 2 or more incompatible response types exist for 1 stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: approach-approach conflict |
|
Definition
-2 equally attractive options exist
-can be accomplished by doing 1 and then the other one after
ex: do i eat and then go to bed? or go to bed and eat? |
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: Avoidance avoidance conflict |
|
Definition
-person must choose between 2 negative goals
ex: eat spinach or be spanked
they can either...
1. be indecisive
2. escape |
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
|
Definition
-person is both attracted to and repelled by the goal
ex: boring job brings in big paycheck
1. tendency to approach a goal is stronger when person is closer to it
2. the tendency to avoid a feared stimulus is stronger the closer you are to it (gradiant of avoidance)
3. gradient of avoidance is stronger than gradient of approach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the closer a person is to a goal, the more likely they are to approach it |
|
|
Term
| double approach and avoidance conflict |
|
Definition
| -having very mixed/contradictory feelings about 2 choices |
|
|
Term
| Dollard and Miller: Displacement |
|
Definition
-frustration does not go away, it resurfaces in a disguised form
-we displace needs to satisfy them indirectly when we are able to satisfy them directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking out aggression on a subsitute person |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
frustration always results in aggression
aggression is always caused by frustration |
|
|
Term
| 3 main factors that determine how much aggression will result from frustration |
|
Definition
1. Drive level associated with the frustrated response: the more intensely a person wants to attain a goal,the more frustrated he or she is likely to become
2. completeness of the frustration
3. cumulative effect of frustrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -physical stimuli that occur after biological events allowing anticipation and appropriate responses to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verbal labels that symbolize environmental events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally determine next response |
|
|
Term
| 2 of the most useful cue-producing responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humans personality is not as consistent as people think it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personality is not consistent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personality is not consistent |
|
|
Term
| person variables vs situation variables |
|
Definition
person variables: traits, repressed memories, etc that cause a person to act the same in diff situations
situation variables: environmental circumstances one finds him/herself |
|
|
Term
| Mischel _____ person variables and ____ situation variables |
|
Definition
| emphasizes person variables and deemphasizes situation variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -person, situation, and behavior variables interact with each other |
|
|
Term
| cognitive social variables |
|
Definition
determines how a given individual will interact in a situation
-active cognitive variables that act in present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-how we see things
-only pay attention to what they want to and apply own meaning to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what we think will happen |
|
|
Term
| vicarious reinforcement vs vicarious punishment |
|
Definition
vicarious reinforcement: reinforcement that comes from observing the positive consequences of ones behavior
vicarious punishment: punishment that comes from obseving the negative outcomes of a behavior |
|
|
