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Personality Final
Mischel, Dollard, Miller, Bandura
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/29/2012

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Cards

Term
Dollard: biography
Definition
-studies black youths in south during world war 2

-psychoanalysis of military behavior

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Term
what did miller and dollard believe about human behavior?
Definition
it is learned (launguage and processes described by freud- repression, displacement, etc)

social learning, imitation
Term
Hull: reinforcement criteria
Definition
-fora stimulus to be a reinforcer, it must reduce a drive
Term
drive reduction theory of learning
Definition
-for a stimulus to be a reinforcer, it must reduce a drive


the drive reduction is reinforcement
Term
What is the cornerstone of Hull's theory?
Definition
the concept of habit

-association between a stimulus and a response
Term
Define: Habit
Definition
-an association between a stimulus and response.

-if a stimulus leads to a response, which produces a reinforcer, the association between that stimulus and response become stronger

-S-R theory of learning
Term
a few of the freudian concepts that dollard and miller tried to explain with freudian principles are...
Definition
1. pleasure principle

2. relationship between frustration and aggression

3. importance of early childhood

4. conflict

5. repression

6. unconscious mind is important in formation of neurotic behavior
Term
miller and dollard: research
Definition
used rats to study human behavior

-can control rats' histories

-less complex than humans
Term
drive
Definition
any stimulus that impels an organism to action

-reinforced by elimination and reduction
Term
learned drives
Definition
-anxiety

-need to be successive or attractive

-fear
Term
what are the building blocks of personality, according to dollard + miller?
Definition
primary drives
Term
Dollard and Miller: Acquired Drives
Definition
-drive that is learned, not innate

ex: Fear
Term
Dollard and Miller: what is the motivator for personality?
Definition
drive
Term
cue
Definition
a stimulus that indicates the appropriate direction an activity should take

ex: cues determine when response will take place

ex: open/closed restaurant signs, whistle for class ending
Term
Dollard + Miller: reward is impossible in the absence of...
Definition
drive
Term
habit family hierarchy
Definition
-group of responses that are organized by likely of re-occurrence
Term
innate hierarchy of responses
Definition
-genetically determined set of responses that is triggered by certain drive conditions

-ex: if infant is hungry, will cry
Term
dominant response
Definition
-response that is most likely to occur at any given time
Term
initial hierarchy of responses
Definition
-hierarchy of responses elicited before learning
Term
resultant hierarchy of responses
Definition
-revised arrangement of responses after learning has taken place
Term
learning dilemma
Definition
-if previously learned responses + innate responses are inactive... then new response can occur
Term
gradient of reinforcement
Definition
-explains why activity quickens as you approach a positive goal

ex: walk faster the closer you get to home, where you will be given a sandwhich and reduce primary drive of hunger
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
if 2 responses are similar, they will both elicit the same response
Term
stimulus discrimination
Definition
opposite of generalization

-learn the difference between 2 stimuli that are very similar. ex: real snakes vs plastic ones
Term
primary generalization
Definition
the closer 2 stimuli are in physical appearance, they will be more likely to elicit the same responsibilities

--innate and governed by person's sensory apparatus
Term
secondary generalization
Definition
-based on verbal labels, not on the physical similarity among stimuli

ex: word dangerous elicits the same response + can be used as a label for many things
Term
Dollard + Miller: Conflict
Definition
2 or more incompatible response types exist for 1 stimulus
Term
Dollard and Miller: approach-approach conflict
Definition
-2 equally attractive options exist
-can be accomplished by doing 1 and then the other one after

ex: do i eat and then go to bed? or go to bed and eat?
Term
Dollard and Miller: Avoidance avoidance conflict
Definition
-person must choose between 2 negative goals

ex: eat spinach or be spanked

they can either...
1. be indecisive
2. escape
Term
Dollard and Miller: Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
-person is both attracted to and repelled by the goal

ex: boring job brings in big paycheck

1. tendency to approach a goal is stronger when person is closer to it

2. the tendency to avoid a feared stimulus is stronger the closer you are to it (gradiant of avoidance)

3. gradient of avoidance is stronger than gradient of approach
Term
gradient of approach
Definition
the closer a person is to a goal, the more likely they are to approach it
Term
double approach and avoidance conflict
Definition
-having very mixed/contradictory feelings about 2 choices
Term
Dollard and Miller: Displacement
Definition
-frustration does not go away, it resurfaces in a disguised form

-we displace needs to satisfy them indirectly when we are able to satisfy them directly
Term
displaced aggression
Definition
taking out aggression on a subsitute person
Term
frustration-aggression hypothesis
Definition
frustration always results in aggression

aggression is always caused by frustration
Term
3 main factors that determine how much aggression will result from frustration
Definition
1. Drive level associated with the frustrated response: the more intensely a person wants to attain a goal,the more frustrated he or she is likely to become

2. completeness of the frustration

3. cumulative effect of frustrations
Term
first signal system
Definition
-physical stimuli that occur after biological events allowing anticipation and appropriate responses to them
Term
second signal system
Definition
verbal labels that symbolize environmental events
Term
cue-producing responses
Definition
generally determine next response
Term
2 of the most useful cue-producing responses
Definition
1. reasoning

2. planning
Term
personality coefficient
Definition
humans personality is not as consistent as people think it is
Term
consistency paradox
Definition
personality is not consistent
Term
consistency paradox
Definition
personality is not consistent
Term
person variables vs situation variables
Definition
person variables: traits, repressed memories, etc that cause a person to act the same in diff situations

situation variables: environmental circumstances one finds him/herself
Term
Mischel _____ person variables and ____ situation variables
Definition
emphasizes person variables and deemphasizes situation variables
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
-person, situation, and behavior variables interact with each other
Term
cognitive social variables
Definition
determines how a given individual will interact in a situation

-active cognitive variables that act in present
Term
Encoding strategies
Definition
-how we see things
-only pay attention to what they want to and apply own meaning to environment
Term
expectancies
Definition
what we think will happen
Term
vicarious reinforcement vs vicarious punishment
Definition
vicarious reinforcement: reinforcement that comes from observing the positive consequences of ones behavior

vicarious punishment: punishment that comes from obseving the negative outcomes of a behavior
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