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Personality Disorders
N/A
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/16/2011

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Term
DSM of Personality Disorder
Definition
Enduring pattern of behavior that is pervasive and inflexible, as well as stable and long duration that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Affecting behaviors in cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

Axis II of the DSM
Term
Research Issues of Personality Disorders
Definition
Difficulty Diagnosing: Criteria not as well defined as other disorders and reliability and validity of the diagnoses are not clear.

Difficulty studying causal factors: Unclear etiological view and high levels of comrbidity. Most studies are retrospective
Term
Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)
Definition
Suspicousness and mistrust of others and a tendency to see themselves as blameless (tend to be on guard for perceived attacks)
Term
Schizoid Personality Disorder(Cluster A)
Definition
Impaired social relationships and the inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others
Term
Schizotypal Personality Disorder(Cluster A)
Definition
Peculiar thought patterns, oddities and speech that interfere with communication and social interactions
Term
DSM of Paranoid Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Pervasive suspiciousness of being deceived, harmed, or exploited
2. Unjustified doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
3. Reluctance to confide in others because of doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness
4. Hidden demeaning or threatening meanings read into benign remarks or events
5. Bears grudges; does not forgive insults, injuries, or slights
6. Angry reactions to perceived attacks on his or her character or reputation
7. Recurrent suspicious regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner
Term
DSM of Schizoid Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships
2. Almost always chooses solitary activities
3. His little if any interest in sexual experiences
4. Takes pleasure in few if any activities
5. Lacks close friends or confidants
6. Appears indifferent to praise or criticism
7. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, flat affect

Does not occur exclusively during the course of psychotic disorder, mood disorder with psychotic features, or pervasive developmental disorder
Term
DSM of Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Ideas of reference
2. Odd beliefs and magical thinking
3. Unusual perceptual experiences
4. Odd thinking and speech
5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
6. Inappropriate or constricted affect
7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar
8. Lack of close friends of confidants
9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity

Does not occur exclusively during the course of psychotic disorders and pervasive developmental disorder
Term
Causal Factors of Paranoid Personality Disorder
Definition
Partial genetic transmission
Parental neglect or abuse
Exposure to violent adults
Term
Causal Factors of Schizoid Personality Disorder
Definition
Personality traits have only modest heritability
High introversion, low openness to feelings
Maladaptive underlying schemas
Term
Causal Factors of Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Definition
Moderate heritability
Biological association with Schizophrenia
Share similar cognitive deficits
Term
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Definition
Emotional and dramatic (theatrical), over concern with attractiveness, and tendency to irritability and temper outburst if attention seeking is frustrated
Term
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition
Grandiosity, preoccupation with receiving attention, self-promoting, and lack of empathy
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
Lack of moral or ethical development inability to follow approved models of behavior, deceitfulness, shameless manipulation of others, and history of conduct problems as a child
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
Impulsiveness anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feelings of boredom and fears of abandonment, and self-injurious behaviors or suicide
Term
DSM of Histrionic Personality
Definition
1. Discomfort in situation in which she or he is not the center of attention
2. Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
3. Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
4. Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
5. Has an excessively impressionist style of speech
6. Shows self-dramatization and exaggerated expressions of emotion
7. Is overly suggestible
8. Considers relationships to be more intimate then they actually are
Term
DSM of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Grandiose sense of self-importance
2. Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty
3. Belief that she or he is special or unique
4. Excessive need for admiration
5. Sense of entitlement
6. Tendency to be interpersonally exploitative
7. Lacks empathy for the feeling of others
8. Often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him
9. shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes
Term
Causal Factor of Histrionic
Definition
- May be a common underlying predisposition with antisocial PD
- Extreme expression of both Neuroticism and Extraverison
- Maladaptive Schemas
Term
Casual Factors of Narcissistic
Definition
-Low on facets of agreeableness, high on facets of Openness and Neuroticism
-Psychodynamic such as parents who don't help child develop normal levels of self-confidence and sense of self-worth
-Social learning theory such as parental overvaluation (parents that pamper and indulge their children)
Term
DSM of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Failure to conform to social norms
2. Deceitfulness
3. Impulsive or failure to plan ahead
4. Irritability and aggressiveness
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
6. Consistent irresponsibility
7. Lack of remorse
Older or equal to 18
Evidence of conduct disorder with onset before 15
Term
Psychopathy of Antisocial PD
Definition
-Affective and interpersonal factor, lack of remorse and guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, glib and superficial charm, inflated and arrogant self-appraisal
-Behavioral Factor, Antisocial, impulsive, and socially deviant lifestyle such as poor behavioral control and parasitic lifestyle
Term
Casual Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
Genetic Factors: Findings from twin studies and adoption studies found moderate heritability, but environmental influences also important while ASPD may share common genetic predisposition with substance and use disorder

Family and Socialization:
Poor parental supervision and involvement, abuse and neglect, dysfunctional family structure, do not pay attention to social stimuli.

Low Fear Hypothesis and Conditioning
Term
DSM of Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
3. Identity disturbance characterized by a persistently unstable self image or sense of self
4. Impulsive in at least 2 potentially self-damaging areas (spending, sex, substance use)
5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behaviors
6. Affective instability due to marked reactivity of mood
7. Inappropriate, intense anger
8. Transient, stress-related paranoid idealization or severe dissociative symptoms
Term
Casual Factors of Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
Genetics: Heritability of personality traits of affective instability and impulsive

Lowered functioning of serotonin and decreased activity in parts of the prefrontal cortex

High rates of stressful events in childhood

Diathesis personality stress trauma model
Term
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Definition
Hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation, shyness and insecurity in social interaction and initiating relationship
Term
Dependent Personality Disorder
Definition
Difficulty in separating in relationships, discomfort at being alone, subordination of needs in order to keep others involved in a relationships, and indecisiveness
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Definition
Excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details, perfectionistic, lack of expressiveness and warmth, and difficulty in relaxing and having fun
Term
DSM of Avoidant Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Avoid occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact
2. Unwillingness to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
3. Restraint within intimate relationships because of ear of being shamed or ridicule
4. Preoccupation with being criticized or rejected
5. Is inhibited in new interpersonal situation because of feelings of inadequacy
6. Views self as socially inept or inferior to others
7. Extreme reluctance to take personal risk or engage in any new activities for fear of embarrassment
Term
DSM of Dependent Personality Disorder
Definition
1. Difficulties making everyday decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others
2. Needs other to take responsibility for most major areas of life
3. Difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of ear of loss of support or approval
4. Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others
5. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of fears of being unable to care for self
6. Urgently seeks another relationship for care and support when a close relationships ends
Term
DSM of Obsessive Compulsive PD
Definition
1. Preoccupation with details, rules, order, or schedules to the extent that the major point of an activity is lost
2. Extreme perfectionism that interferes with task completion
3. Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships
4. Overly inflexible and overconscientious about matters of morality, ethics, or values
5. Inability to discard worn out or worthless objects
6. Reluctance to delegate task or work with others unless others unless others do exactly the same thing
7. Miserliness in spending style toward both self and others
8. shows rigidity and stubbornness
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