Term
|
Definition
| confined to nerve involvement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| disorders affecting the muscles |
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|
Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Involvement occurs when there is dysfunction in: 1 |
|
Definition
| anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Involvement occurs when there is dysfunction in: 2 |
|
Definition
| axons that form spinal peripheral, or cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Involvement occurs when there is dysfunction in: 3 |
|
Definition
| the motor end plate of the axon is affected |
|
|
Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Involvement occurs when there is dysfunction in: 4 |
|
Definition
| muscle fibers are affected |
|
|
Term
| PNS Age Related Changes: 1 |
|
Definition
| deterioration of myelin sheath |
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|
Term
| Age related changes: Where is there greater deterioration of the myelin sheath |
|
Definition
| ventral (motor) > dorsal (sensory) root fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow to nerves secondary to athersclerosis of vessels supplying to nerves |
|
|
Term
| What may be the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy in older individuals? |
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow to nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of the nerve's chromophil, occurs after cell exhaustion or cell damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased nerve conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased amplitude of action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healing and regeneration is slowed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segmental demyelination as a result of mild ischemia due to compression of the nerve |
|
|
Term
| How is the action potential affected during neurapraxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is is the action potential slowed or obstructed at during neurapraxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction of the nerve impulse is normal where during neurapraxia? |
|
Definition
| above and below the lesion |
|
|
Term
| Does atrophy to the axon occur during neuropraxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does atrophy not occur to the axon during neuropraxia? |
|
Definition
| because the axon is intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the axon has been damaged by the connective tissue covering the axon remains intact |
|
|
Term
| How is axonotmesis caused? |
|
Definition
| prolonged compression that produces an area of infarction and necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete severing of the axon and teh disruption of its connective tissue covering at the site of the injury |
|
|
Term
| When is axonal continuity lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What axonal continuity is lost the axons _____ to the lesion ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degeneration of the axons distal to the lesion is termed what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no damage to connective tissue or axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no damage to connective tissue, damage to axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage to connective tissue and axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signals Schwann cells to start multiplying and envelop the exposed segment of the nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potential for regeneration following Wallerian degeneration is possible as long as what? |
|
Definition
| nerves' cell bodies stay intact |
|
|
Term
| new axons can sprout from where? |
|
Definition
| proximal edge of the damaged axons |
|
|
Term
| New axons can sprout from the proximal edge of the damage axon as long as... |
|
Definition
| connective tissue tube lines up in the proximal and distal axons |
|
|
Term
| Remyelination will occur once the axon establishes distal contact with what |
|
Definition
| motor or sensory receptor |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Injury S/S: 1 |
|
Definition
| loss of sensory function in specific dermatome |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Injury S/S: 2 |
|
Definition
| weakness of all muscles innervated by the affected nerve |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Injury S/S: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Injury S/S: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Injury S/S: 5 |
|
Definition
| involvement of autonomic fibers may lead to skin changes (no sweating or wrinkling) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charcot Marie Tooth disease |
|
|
Term
| The genetic mutations associated with CMT alter the function of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of proteins altered by CMT are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
| schwann cell myelination in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive demyelination and hypertrophy of the schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| Extensive demyelination and hypertrophy of the schwann cells in CMT leads to what |
|
Definition
| palpable enlarged peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distal symmetrical muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| Foot deformities associated with CMT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle weakness associated with CMT |
|
Definition
| dorsiflexor and evertor weakness |
|
|
Term
| Dorsiflexor and evertor weakness due to CMT leads to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misshappen "champagne bottles" legs |
|
|
Term
| The misshapen legs due to CMT are a result of what |
|
Definition
| wasting of distal musculature with maintenance of muscles proximal to knees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entrapment neuropathy involving the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased pressure causes ishemia in the median nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing or increase in the volume of its contents |
|
|
Term
| CTS pathophysiology: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| unrelieved compression causes initial neurapraxia |
|
|
Term
| CTS pathophysiology: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Segmental demyelination of the axons |
|
|
Term
| CTS pathophysiology: Step 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CTS pathophysiology: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| wallerian degeneration may follow axonotmesis |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that leads to CTS: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that leads to CTS: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that leads to CTS: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that leads to CTS: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that leads to CTS: 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain decreased sensory involvement |
|
|
Term
| What sensory involvement is involved with CTS? |
|
Definition
| decreased 2-point discrimination, decreased 2 point vibration sense, decreased sensation to Semmes-Weinstein testing |
|
|
Term
| Pain from CTS may also radiate where? |
|
Definition
| proximally to arm, shoulder, neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of strength due to CTS is also seen where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Untreated CTS may lead to what |
|
Definition
| muscle wasting, persistent pain, lost grip strength, clumsiness due to sensory changes |
|
|
Term
| Acute, autoimmune, polyneuropathy affecting the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is GBS usually triggered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesions occur through the PNS from the spinal nerve roots to the distal termination of both the sensory and motor nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circulating antibodies bind to an antigen on the surface of the myelin and activate complement system or an antibody-dependent macrophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized inflammatory response in PNS caused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory response begins at Nodes of Ranvier as the macrophages strip myelin from the nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after demyelination, Schwann cells divide and remyelinate nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as demyelination takes place, axonal degeneration also takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons damaged by the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute onset which peaks within 4 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by ascending symmetrical motor weakness and distal sensory impairment |
|
|
Term
| GBS Clinical Picture: Symptoms start as what |
|
Definition
| parasthesia in the toes and weakness advances into the legs |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for weakness to proximally advance into the legs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flaccid paralysis and absent DTRs are also present where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Up to 30% of cases require ventilation because |
|
Definition
| ANS fibers may be invovled |
|
|
Term
| What ANS dysfunctions occur during GBS? |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, abnormal heart rhythm, blood pressure changes, vasomotor symptoms |
|
|
Term
| In 50% of cases, symptoms progression stops within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 90% of cases, symptom progression stops within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once progression stops, full recovery may take up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHen will respiratory support be needed for GBS? |
|
Definition
| vital capacity <800 mL or decreased PO2 |
|
|
Term
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with peripheral nerve trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injury stimulates sympathetic efferent activity that affects larger areas |
|
|
Term
| Neurons trigger vasopasm spasm which leads to what |
|
Definition
| increased swelling and pain |
|
|
Term
| WHy do the neurons vasospasm? |
|
Definition
| spinal interneurons convey pain inputs to the SNS |
|
|
Term
| Normal response of the SNS following an injury |
|
Definition
| cutaneous blood vessels constrict |
|
|
Term
| In the case of CRPS the SNS functions abnormally which causes what |
|
Definition
| prolonged vasospasm, creating a cycle of pain and swelling |
|
|
Term
| Hallmark symptoms of CRPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible symptoms of CRPS: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible symptoms of CRPS: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible symptoms of CRPS: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible symptoms of CRPS: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement disorders associated with CRPS |
|
Definition
| inability to initiate movement, weakness, termor, spasm atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximally to other extremities, potentially involving the entire body |
|
|
