1. Formed elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

2. Fluid component: plasma

3. Smaller cells, mostly RBCs

1. Mostly water (90%)

2. Yellowish fluid component of peripheral blood in which the formed elements and numerous organic and inorganic components are suspended or solubilized

3. Leaves capillaries and small venules to enter CT or interstitium as ECF

1. Fluid remaining after coagulation

2. Similar to plasma but lacks fibrinogen and clotting factors

1. Albumins

2. Globulins

3. Fibronogen

4. Regulatory proteins

1. Major contributors to colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma(force that maintains normal volumes of blood and interstitial fluid)

2. Transports lipids and steroid hormones

1. Important for immune function

2. Transport ions, hormones, lipids

1. Essential component of clotting system

2. Can be converted to insoluble fibrin

Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

 Serve as chemoattractants

1. Stimulates inflammation (enhances histamine release from basophils and mast cells)

2. Attracts phagocytes (attract neutrophils and macrophages to area via chemotaxis)

3. Enhances phagocytosis (antibodies and complement proteins act as opsonins)

4. Destroy target cell membranes (forma  membrane attack complex, MAC) 

1. Sequential cascade of inactive fibers

2. Form a fibrin matrix

1. In peripheral blood

2. Biconcave disc with thin cytoplasmic region in center

3. High surface area to volume ratio to optimize gas exchange

4. Designed to absorb oxygen in lung in exchange for bound carbon dioxide

5. Arrangement of cytoskeleton allows passage through vessels

6. Mature RBCs lack a nucleus and organelles

7. Must use anaerobic glycolysis

8. Immature RBCs released into peripheral blood as reticulocytes

9. Number and morphology of RBCs used for diagnoses

1. Most prominent protein in RBC cytoplasm

2. 4 polypeptides bound to heme

3. Iron containing heme moieties bind oxygen and globin portion releases carbon dioxide

1. Results from single point mutation where Glu is exchanged for Val

2. Reduces oxygen tension

3. Shape of Hb changes, and thus shape of RBC

4. Becomes less pliant and more likely to lyse or block capillaries to cause ischemia

Granulocytes

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

Agranulocytes

4. Lymphocytes

5. Monocytes

1. Leukocyte extravasation

2. Movement of leukocytes out of circulatory system, towards damaged tissue or infection (innate immune response)

1. Multilobed nucleus

2. Characteristic granules

1. Rounded, indented nucleus

2. Lack prominent granules

1. Released from central blood  to peripheral blood, to connective tissue

2. Contains 2-5 nuclear lobes

3. Abundant cytoplasm (salmon pink color)

4. Specific granules: lysozyme, lactoferrin, alkaline phosphatase and collagenase

5. Azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, collagenase, elastase (destroy CT)

1. Round in peripheral blood

2. Have bilobed nucleus

3. Mature in bone marrow, released into peripheral blood, undergo diapedesis to enter CT

4. Immediately under the epithelium in loose areolar CT

5. Involved in helminthic diseases

6. Specific granules: crystal like appearance, myelin basic protein

7. Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

1. Nucleus may be bilobed, but obscured by prominent basophilic granules

2. Specific granules exhibit metachromasia

3. Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

3. Functionally similar to mast cells-release histamine

4. Distinguished from mast cells by the prominent round nucleus of mast cell surrounded by granules in the cytoplasm, while basophil has bilobed nucleus obscured by granules

1. Round cells with large round intensely staining nucleus with a thin rim of clear blue cytoplasm

2. Mediator of humoral and cellular-mediated immunity (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, Null cells)

1. Possess more cytoplasm, which tends to stain grayish blue (not clear blue)

2. Nucleus less intensely stained than lymphocyte and oval or slightly indented

3. Azurophilic granules

4. Differentiate into macrophages

1. Small disc-like fragments derived from megakaryocyte

2. Prominent glycocalyx

3. Small aggregates between cells in peripheral blood

4. Peripheral hyalomere

5. Two tubular system

6. Granulomere (organelle dense center with mitochondria, glycogen granules, peroxisomes, and varioius purple granules-delta, alpha, lambda)

7. Plug lesions in blood vessels

1. Very large cells located in bone marrow

2. Multilobed nucleus

3. Pieces of processes form platelets

4. Closely resemble osteoclasts (osteoclasts multinucleated though)

1. In bone marrow

2. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) and colony-forming units (CFUs)

3. Cells are larger and more immature-many nucleated cells

Large numbers of RBCs in marrow (newborn marrow)

1. Characterized by abundance of adipose cells

2. Hematopoiesis is restricted

3. In adults

1. Cell from which all blood cells arise

2. Give rise to 2 types of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (MHSC): colony forming spleen cell (CFU-S) and colony forming unit lymphocyte (CFU-Ly)

Serves as predecessor for the myeloid cell lines (erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, eosinophils)

Gives rise to only B and T lymphocytes

1. Decrease in cell size

2. Nuclei become progressively more heterochromatic

3. Specific granules increase as the synthetic apparatus decreases

1. CFU-S

2. Proerythroblast

3. Basophilic erythroblast

4. Polychromatic erythroblast

5. Orthocrhomatophilic erythroblast

6. Reticulocyte

7. Erythrocyte

1. CFU-S

2. Megakaryoblast

3. Megakaryocyte

1. CFU-S

2. Myeloblast

3. Promyelocyte

4. Eosinophilic myelocyte

5. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte

6. Eosinophilic stab (band) cell

7. Eosinophil

1. CFU-S

2. Myeloblast

3. Promyelocyte

4. Basophilic myelocyte

5. Basophilic metamyelocyte

6. Basophilic band cell

7. Basophil

1. CFU-S

2. Myeloblast

3. Promyelocyte

4. Neutrophilic myelocyte

5. Neutrophilic metamyelocyte

6. Neutrophilic band cell

7. Neutrophil

1. CFU-S

2. Promonocyte

3. Monocyte

1. CFU-Ly

2. T-lymphocyte/B-lymphocyte

3. T-lymphoblast/B-lymphoblast

4. T-lymphocyte/B-lymphocyte

1. Exists if there is an abnormal decrease in the number of erythrocytes or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin

2. A decrease in hemoglobin is the cause of most anemias, resulting from a lack of iron (essential for Hb formation)

1. Results from hemolysis of erythrocytes

2. May be congenital (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) or acquired

Due to either the failure of bone marrow to develop erythrocytes or a destruction of the marrow by X-rays, toxic chemicals, etc.