Term
| What 2 subsystems in the auditory system divided into? |
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Definition
| 1. peripheral auditory system 2. Central auditory system |
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Term
| What generally happens in the peripheral system? |
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Definition
transduction & conduction
-sound reception |
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Term
| What generally happens in the central auditory system |
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Definition
-transmission and decoding
-sound perception |
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Term
| What generally happens during conduction? what auditory system does this take place in? |
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Definition
-take plaemces in peripheral auditory sys
-outer and middle ears conduct sound vibration from the environment to the inner ear |
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Term
| what generally happens during transduction? where does it take place? |
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Definition
| -sound vibrations are transduced from acoustic signals to neurochemical singals |
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Term
| 2 parts of the outer ear & describe |
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Definition
Pinna-visible part. flap of skin and cartiladge
Concha-bowl like part of the outer ear
*there function is to collect sound form the environment and funnel the sound waves into the ear |
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Term
| What is the tube (outer ear) that connects the concha to the tympanic membrane and whats its function? |
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Definition
-external auditory canal
-it is S shaped and about 2.5 cm long
-its function is to funnel sound waves into the ear to the tympanic membrane |
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Term
| What 4 functions does the outer ear assist with? |
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Definition
| protection. conduction.resonance. localization |
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Term
| What is the main (vital) purpose of the outer ear? |
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Definition
outer ear is used to protect!
-S shaped curve of ear helps foreign objects stay out
-Wax protects and keeps foreign obejcts out
-->pushed down can become impacted. |
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Term
| how is the outer ear modeled? |
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Definition
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Term
| What range are sounds amplified in and why? |
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Definition
| 2000-5000Hz due to resonant properties. |
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Term
| What hz range is speech energy in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Tympanic Membrane's makeup. In which part of the ear is it found? |
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Definition
Tympanic Membrane-very thing, taught piece of tissue at the end of the air canal.
-acts like the head of a drum
-transion between outer and middle ear systems |
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Term
| What does the Tympanic Membrane due? |
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Definition
-it vibrates in response to sound waves that are funneled into the ear canal
-vibrations are then transfered to the inner ear |
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Term
| how big is the middle ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the middle air filled with? what 3 bones are in it? |
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Definition
-its filled with air
-malleus. incus. stapes |
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Term
| what are the three bones of the middle ear called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tube is part of the middle ear and what does it do? |
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Definition
-Eustachian tube
-connects middle ear to the nasopharnyx |
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Term
| Whats the point of the Eustachian tube? where is it found again? |
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Definition
-middle ear
-keeps pressure between middle and outer ears equal.
-normally closed but opens to let air in or out of the middle cavity |
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Term
| Whats does the Ossicular chain do (3 bones) |
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Definition
-transmits vibrations (initiated by sound waves) to the inner ear
-it is the mechanical linkage from the TM to the cochlea |
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Term
| How does the Middle ear protect against loud sounds? |
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Definition
acoustic reflex response
-it is a contraction of the musces connected to the ossicles which decreases the amount ofvibration trasmitted across the chain |
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Term
| impedence matching mechanism. what acts as it? |
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Definition
Middle ear acts as it.
-opposition to energy flow.
-different mediums=different impedences |
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Term
| -efficient flow of energy requires similar or different impedences? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do air and fluid have similar impedences? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the middle ear help overcome impedence mismatch between outer, middle, and inner ear? |
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Definition
ensures the adequate transmission of sound energy to the inner ear.
-ossicular chain increases the pressure by 30 dB |
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Term
| What provides for sound amplification in the middle ear? |
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Definition
| surface area differences between the TM and the Oval Window of the Cochlea |
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Term
| Is sound localization better with one or two ears? |
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Definition
2!
-brain compares info from both ears in order to determine where sound is coming from |
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Term
| What 2 different cues are used for localization? where does localization occur? |
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Definition
In the outer ear
1.Inter-Aural LEVEL Differences
2. Inter-Aural TIMING differences |
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Term
| Describe the ILD cue. Whats it used for again? |
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Definition
-used for localization
-brain compares amplitudes of a sound between the 2 ears
-primarliy a result of the head shadow effect |
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Term
| describe the ITD cue? whats it used for again? |
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Definition
-cpmares the phase difference of a sound between the 2 ears
-determined by the distance between the 2 ears |
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Term
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Definition
| -changing sound energy from 1 form to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanical-->Electrochemical (nerual) Energy |
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Term
| Primary function of the Inner Ear |
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Definition
| Transduce vibrations (for hearing) or movement (for balance_ into nueral impulses |
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Term
| the brain uses the nerual info for what? What three things fall under this? |
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Definition
| perception~detection, discrimination, identification |
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Term
| 2 main parts of the inner ear? |
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Definition
Vestibular system (balance through semicircular canals)
cochlea (hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
-contains hearing organ
-fluid filled |
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Term
| What is the shape/size of the cochlea |
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Definition
snail like shape
-2 3/4 turns |
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Term
| Where does cochlea lie in the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 fluid chambers of the cochlea |
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Definition
-scala vestibuli
-scala media
-scala tympani |
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Term
| What the base of the cochlea and whats it closest to? |
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Definition
-BASAL END
-closest to middle ear |
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Term
| Whats the apex of the cochlea and its location. |
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Definition
-APICAL END
-farthest away/inward from ME ear space |
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Term
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Definition
| -border b/t Scala Media and Scala Typmani |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing organ that sits on top of BM |
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Term
| What are the hair cells part of? what are they? |
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Definition
Part of the ORgan of Corti
-they are specilized sensory receptors that transduce vibration energy into electrical form |
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Term
| Basilar Membrane Movement |
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Definition
-stape and oval window vibrations move the cochlear fluids
-basilar membrane flexes in response in the form of a traveling wave |
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Term
| Describe Traveling Wave. Where does it occur? |
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Definition
-Pattern of movement on the Basilar Membrane
-Each component (pure tone) in complex sound produces a traveling wave along basilar membrane |
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Term
| What information does the traveling wave provide about sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Amplitude of traveling wave |
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Definition
-its the height of the wave
-Great dB SPL level, greater the height |
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Term
| frequency of traveling wave--> Where in the cochlea does it peak? |
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Definition
| traveling wave shows its peak near BASE of the cochlea |
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