Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Periodontics II test 1
exam 1 weeks 1-3
30
Health Care
Professional
09/07/2009

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
name the five major ecosystems for bacterial colonization in the oral cavity
Definition

-          Intraoral, supragingival, hard surfaces (teeth implants, restorations, and prostheses).

-          Periodontal/periimplant pocket (with its crevicular fluid, the rool cementum or implant surface, and the pocket epithelium).

-          Buccal epithelium, palatal epithelium, and epithelium of the floor of the mouth.

-          Dorsum of the tongue

-          Tonsils

 

Term
name the nutritional source for supragingival plaque
Definition
circulating carbs from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid
Term
name the nutritional sources for subgingival plaque
Definition

Subgingival uses tissue and cellular breakdown products and carbohydrates from GCF and serum

Term
explain the role of benefitical bacterial in Periodontal disease
Definition

1.      Occupying a niche that may otherwise be colonized by pathogens.

2.      Limiting pathogens ability to adhere to tissues.

3.      Adversely affecting the vitality or growth of a pathogen.

4.      By affecting the ability of a pathogen to produce virulence factors.

5.      Directly degrading virulence factors produced by a pathogen.

 

Term
which bacteria are present in healthy gingiva?
Definition

The bacteria associated with periodontal health are primary gram-positive facultative  species and members of the genera Streptococcus and Actinomyces (S. sanguis, S. mitis, and A. viscosus)

Term

which bacteria are associated with gingivitis?

 

 

*The microbiota of dental plaque induced gingivitis (chronic gingivitis) consists of approximately equal proportions of gram positive (56%) and gram negative (44%) species, as well as facultative (59%) and anaerobic (41%) microorganisms.

 

Definition

Gram Positive bacteria

Gram Negative bacteria

S. sanguis

F. nucleatum

S. mitis

P. intermedia

S. intermedious

V. parvula

S. oralis

Haemophilus

A. viscosus

Capnocytophaga

A. naeslundii

Campylobacter

P. micros

 

Term
pregnacy gingivitis
Definition

This condition is accompanied by increases in steroid hormones in crevicular fluid and dramatic increases in the levels of P. intermedia, which uses the steroids as growth factors and flourishes.

Term
which bacteria are found in high #s in active chronic perio?
Definition

-          Microscopic examination of plaque from sites with chronic periodontitis has consistently revealed elevated proportions of spirochetes.

-          Bacteria most often cultivated at high levels:

1.      Actinobacillus aggregabacter

2.      Tannerella forsythia

3.      Porphyromonas gingivalis

4.      Treponema denticola (spyrocyte)

5.      Prevotella intermedia

6.      E. corrodens

7.      Camphlobacter rectus

8.      Peptostreptococcus micros (gram +)

9.      Fusobacterium nucleatum

10.  Eubacterium nodatum

 

Term
viruses and perio disease
Definition

 recent studies show an association between PD and viruses.

EBV-1 and HCMV

When present, higher levels of perio pathogens.

 

Role of viruses isn't clear however, they may contribute to pathogenesis.

Term
which bacteria plays a major role in Localised Aggressive perio disease?
Definition

 

A. aggregatibacter is present in almost all disease sites and is 90% of the total cultivable microbiota.

 

 

  • Characterized by rapid and severe attachment loss occurring in individuals during or before puberty.

  • Gram negative microbiota

  • Anaerobic rods

  • Treatment combines mechanical debridement with a combination of systemic antibiotics.

  • Because A. aggregatibacter invades the tissues, mechanical therapy my not be enough to restore health to the periodontium.

 

Term
which bacteria are associated with NUG/NUP?
Definition

1. P. intermedia- gram - rod

2. Treponema vincentii- spirochete

 

Necrosis of the marginal gingival tissue and interdental papillae.

Related to stress and HIV

Malodor, pain, fever, malaise.

Can invade necrotic tissue and apparently unaffected connective tissue.

 

Term
which bacteria are associated with peri-implantitis?
Definition

Periimplantitis

Organisms: (similar to chronic PD)

A. aggregatibacter

P. gingivalis

T. forsythia

P. micros

C. rectus

Fusobacterium

capnocytophaga

 

*inflammation affecting the tissues around an already osseointegrated implant.

Term

 

 

Actinobacillus aggregatibacter



used to be known as

actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

 

 


 

Definition
  • Gram negative
  • rod
  • Nonmotile
  • Anaerobic
  • Virulence factors

    • Lipopolysacchride (LPS) (endotoxin)
    • Leukotoxin (LT) (exotoxin)
    • Collagenase - destroys connective tissue.
    • Protease -can cleave IgA.
    • Can invade connective tissue and collagen

  • present in chronic perio, localised aggressive periodontitis, and periimplantitis


Term
tannerella forsythia
Definition
  • gram -
  • rod
  • nonmotile
  • obligate anaerobe
  • virulence factors
    • LPS
    • proteolytic enzymes (destroys immunoglobins and components of the complement system)
    • induces apoptosis
  • associated with chronic perio disease and periimplantitis
Term
porphyromonas gingivalis
Definition
  • gram -
  • obligate anaerobe
  • non motile
  • virulence factors
    • fimbrae help with adhesion
    • capsule defends against phagocytosis
    • LPS
    • proteases- destroys immunoglobulins and complement factors
    • hemolysin- (exotoxin that can lyse RBCs)
    • collagenase
    • inhibits PMN chemotaxis- cant migrate across epithelial barrier
    • affects cytokine production
    • can invade soft tissue
  • associated with chronic perio, LAP and periimplantitis
Term
prevotella intermedia and provotella nigrescens
Definition
  • gram -
  • rod
  • nonmotile
  • virulence factor
    • LPS
  • P. intermedia is associated with chronic perio disease, NUG/NUP, gingivitis and pregnancy gingivitis
  • the prevotella are less virulent than porphyromonas gingivalis
Term

campylobacter rectus

Definition
  • gram -
  • rod
  • anaerobe
  • motile
  • virulence factors
    • luekotoxin
    • LPS- an exotoxin that is effect on its target from a distance. It forms pores in neutrophils, granulocytes, monocytes,and some lymphocytes causing cell death
  • associated with gingivitis, chronic perio disease, LAP and periimplantitis
  • less virulent than P. gingivalis
Term

fusobacterium nucleatum

Definition
  • gram -
  • rod (cigar shaped with pointed ends)
  • anaerobic
  • virulence factors
    • LPS
    • apoptosis in PMNs
    • can trigger the release of cytokines, elastase and oxygen radicals
    • coaggregates w most oral microbes there for it is an important bridge btw primary and secondary colonizers
  • associated with gingivitis, chronic perio, and LAP
Term

peptostreptococcus micros

Definition
  • gram +
  • cocci
  • obligate anaerobe
  • virulence factors
    • lipoteicholic acid- an adhesion molecule on the cell wall
  • associated with gingivits, chronic perio and periimplantitis
Term

eubacterium

Definition
  • gram +
  • rod
  • obligate anaerobe
  • associated with chronic perio and LAP
Term

eikenella corrondens

Definition
  • gram -
  • rod
  • facultative anaerobe
  • virulence factor
    • LPS
  • associated with chronic perio, and LAP
Term

spirochetes

Definition

 

  • Spiral, motile organisms

 

  • Gram negative

 

  • Species include:

 

Treponema denticola (associated with PD)

Treponema vincentii (associated with NUG)

Treponema socranskii (associated with PD)

Treponema pallidum (associated with syphilis)

 

 

  • Virulence factors:

 

 

Can migrate through viscous environments.

Can move through the GCF and penetrate both the epithelium and connective tissue

Can degrade collagen

Can degrade dentin

Can produce proteolytic enzymes that destroy IgA, IgM, IgG, or complement factors

 

 

Term
histamine
Definition
Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine causes vasodiation and increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues.[2] It is found in virtually all animal body cells
Term
mast cell
Definition
A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens.[1]
Term

Matrix Metalloproteinase

Definition

Family of zinc dependant enzymes.

Produced by many cells including:

Fibroblasts, macrophages, epithelial cells and neutrophils.

Released by PMNs after phagocytocisis.

Degrades collagen

Term
PGE2 – Prostaglandin 2
Definition

Can be synthesized within seconds in response to inflammation, produced by most cells, but in inflammation neutrophils and macrophages are good sources.  Causes vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability, promote overproduction of destructive MMP’s and stimulates bone resorption.

 

Term
describe the 4 phases of bacterial adhesion and attachment
Definition

1. transport to surface by fluid flow or movement of motile bacteria

2. initial adhesion via chemical attraction/reaction

3. attachment via adhesins and complementary receptors

4. colonization

Term
how does "biofilm" help bacterial plaque?
Definition
  1. helps with adherance to the surface
  2. extracellular slimlayer protects the biofilm from antimicrobials/host defences
  3. fluid channels allow for transport of nutrition and removal of wastes
Term
name 9 factors that affect bacterial load
Definition
  1. attachment- can be inhanced by adhesins in saliva or inhibited by IgGs in saliva
  2. metabolism/nutrition-
  • stress on metabolism: if environment is not favorable bacteria has to spend a lot of energy to protect itself and to obtain nutrition. This is not condusive to bacterial proliferation.
  • nutrition:Carbs such as sucrose and lactose are readily available in most of our diets for bacterial metabolism.
  • pH variations: acidic environments favor pathogenic bacateria
  • presence of O2- as plaque mature O2 is reduced favoring more anaerobic/pathogenic bacteria
3. mechanical removal - inhibits maturation of plaque
4. location- easiest ---> hardest
  • lower jaw
  • molars
  • buccal surfaces
  • interdental
5. gingival inflammation: ↑ inflammation= ↑ GCF which favors adhesion and growth of bacteria thus more plaque
6. age- does not increase quantity but can increase host response thus pts susceptability to disease
7. spontaneous cleaning- eg eating fibrous foods. Found to have very little affect on amount of plaque.
8. smooth vs rough surface: rough surfaces favor plaque adhesion and accumulation
9. dentin tubules: plaque can adhere inside tubules
Supporting users have an ad free experience!