Term
| What is the system that wards off disease and provides resistance to foreign organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the oral cavity, ___________ initiate the gingival lesion by triggering a localized inflammatory reaction. |
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Definition
| plaque microorganisms (bacteria) |
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Term
| What is the ability of our immune systems to protect us dependent on? |
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Definition
| the ability of immune cells to communicate with one another through cell-to-cell contact or secreting cytokines in order to coordinate activities |
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Term
| Cells react to each other or to the cytokines via __________ and __________. |
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Definition
| Cells react to each other or to the cytokines via membrane bound receptors and ligands (molecules that bind to receptors initiating a signal). |
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Term
| ________ immunity is non-specific or natural immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some external barrier examples of innate immunity? |
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Definition
| skin, oral mucosa, body secretions and even normal (endogenous) microbial inhabitants |
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Term
| What are physiological factors of innate immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells are considered innate or adaptive immunity cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are responsible for immune surveillance and antigen presentation? |
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Definition
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Term
Is this a primary or secondary lymphoid tissue?
bone marrow
circulation
peripheral tissue
thymus |
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Definition
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
Primary lymphoid tissue-where lymphocytes come from
Secondary-where lymphocytes act |
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Term
| ARe T cells and B cells adaptive or innate immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 important characteristics to adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Specificity
Memory
Self-recognition (or recognition of non-self) |
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Term
| ____________ exist which allow for differentiation between self and non-self antigens. |
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Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) |
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Term
| In a healthy cell, an _____ molecule coupled with one of the cell's peptides is expressed at the cell surface. This complex acts as a signal to circulating Natural Killer lymphocytes or cytotoxic T cells not to attack. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cell is invaded by a pathogen, the __________ molecule couples to a non-self peptide of the pathogen which then signals the lymphocytes to attack and destroy the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an organism invades the body, the body's initial response is carried out by _______ cells. |
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Definition
| WBC (the key signs that you have an infection is increased number of WBCs) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes (granulocytes)? |
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Definition
Neutrophils or PMNS (will mainly see in an infection)
Eosinophils
Basophils |
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Term
| What are the 2 granular leukocytes? |
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Definition
monocytes (kidney shaped nucleus)
lymphocytes (round cell with large nucleus) |
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Term
| When monocytes enter the tissue they are called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What leukocytes are primarily responsible for adaptive or acquired immunity. (B and T cells)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are generally the first cells to migrate to the site of an invading microorganism or the site of trauma. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is caused by the release of signaling molecules called chemokines which can be released by several different cell types at the site of inflammation. |
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Definition
| Directed migration (chemotaxis) |
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Term
| The PMNs eliminate invaders by ________ and other mechanisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ comprise 50-70% of the circulating leukocytes and 90% of the circulating granulocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key initial leukocyte in fighting periodontal infections. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granulocyte is involved in defense against parasitic infections and in control of allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions, but not so critical in fighting off common infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which granulocyte is involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis), but not so critical in fighting off common infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells are 3-7% of leukocytes and are usually the second cell type to move to the site of injury or inflammation and eliminate pathogens and debris by phagocytosis (like PMNs)? |
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Definition
| monocytes (macrophages in tissue) |
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Term
True or false
the only function of macrophages is phagocytosis |
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Definition
False
They are also antigen presenting cells that take up antigen and, after processing, present the antigen to lymphocytes. |
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Term
| What cells are 30% of leukocytes and are involved adaptive or acquired immune responses. |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes (T and B cells) |
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Term
| Lymphocytes have _______ for antigens to respond directly to get a specific response. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of adaptive immune responses that can occur when an antigen enters the body? |
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Definition
humoral immunity (B cells)
cell mediated immunity (T cells) |
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Term
| The synthesis and release of free antibody from ___ cells into the blood and other body fluids is called ________ immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| The production of sensitized lymphocytes called ___ cells that are effectors of _______ immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when plaque accumulates on a patient’s teeth? |
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Definition
| protective immune response |
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Term
In the protective immune response, pathogens bind to receptors on ________ which releases pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Pathogens bind to receptors on ___________ which causes cell activation, pathogen destruction. |
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Definition
resident cells (gingival epithelial cells)
phagocytes |
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Term
| What happens when pro-inflammatory cytokines are released? |
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Definition
Vascular permeability
Chemo-attract phagocytes |
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Term
| What causes the connective tissue destruction in Periodontitis? |
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Definition
Bacteria in plaque (Specific bacteria, virulence factors)
Immunologic response |
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Term
| What are some mechanisms of destructive host responses? |
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Definition
Innate immunity cytokines - TNF alpha (inflammatory mediator)
Adaptive immunity cytokines-INF gamma (Further activate neutrophils and macrophages)
Antibody production (Act directly against pathogens, Further increase phagocytes activity)
Resident cells produce antibacterial proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines (phagocytes recruitment) |
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Term
| There is a balance of _____/______ that keeps bone resorption and bone formation in balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| In bone resorption, what cells produce RANKL? |
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Definition
| T cells and resident cells |
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Term
| Pro-inflammatory mediators lead to more osteoclast or osteoblast activation |
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Definition
osteoclast
Disruption of RANKL/OPG ratio |
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Term
| During extracellular matrix destruction, what cells produce MMP? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is an imbalance of ____/____ ratio in extracellular matrix destruction (Destruction of the collagen matrix of bone and soft tissue) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cells that have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which T helper cells hurt us by increasing RANKL and MMPs and contribute to the progression of periodontitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which T helper cells protect us by recruiting and activating phagocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells try to regulate homeostasis by producing antibodies and directing expression of OPG and TIMPs ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do some people have more aggressive forms of periodontal disease? |
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Definition
| Altered (overzealous) host response (Host susceptibility) |
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Term
True or false:
Gingival inflammation is largely harmless. Inflammation dissipates passively. |
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Definition
True
Gingival inflammation (reversible disease) is largely harmless (No alveolar bone loss - no harm)
Inflammation dissipates passively (If you eliminate plaque, inflammation goes away) |
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Term
| __________ is the body’s first line of defense against injury and infection, but it’s a double- edged sword. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
Without an inflammatory immune response you would be dead |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
eating healthy and exercising can help reduce the risk of developing perio disease |
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Definition
True
40% less likely to develop periodontitis
Exercise is known to reduce the C-reactive protein in the blood associated with inflammation in the heart and periodontal disease. |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of pharmaceutical intervention? |
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Definition
Perio-pharmaceuticals: Drugs used as short term adjuncts to mechanical therapy and long term adjuncts to maintenance
NSAIDs (Flurbiprofen, Ketoprofen, Ibuprofen)
Low dose doxycycline (periostat) |
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Term
| _________ bioerodes to release salicylic acid (aspirin) (red) and a natural fatty acid metabolite |
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Definition
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Term
| Doxycycline is more effective than other tetracyclines in reducing ____________ activity |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only MMP inhibitor tested and available for periodontitis? |
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Definition
| SDD (sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline) |
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Term
| Patients with PST Genetic Susceptibility test produce 2-4 x more ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Root planing- no effect on IL-1B or MMP-9 after _____ month(s) |
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Definition
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